American Chess Congress

Last updated

The American Chess Congress was a series of chess tournaments held in the United States, a predecessor to the current U.S. Chess Championship. It had nine editions, the first played in October 1857 and the last in August 1923.

Contents

American Chess Congresses
#YearCityWinner
11857 New York Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Paul Morphy  (United States)
21871 Cleveland Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  George Henry Mackenzie  (United States)
31874 Chicago Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  George Henry Mackenzie  (United States)
41876 Philadelphia Green harp flag of Ireland.svg  James Mason  (Ireland)
51880 New York Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  George Henry Mackenzie  (United States)
61889 New York Romanov Flag.svg  Mikhail Chigorin  (Russia)
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg  Max Weiss  (Austria)
71904 St. Louis Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg  Frank James Marshall  (United States)
81921 Atlantic City Flag of France.svg  Dawid Janowski  (France)
91923 Lake Hopatcong Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Frank James Marshall  (United States)
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Abraham Kupchik  (United States)

First American Chess Congress (1857)

Chesscongress1857.jpg

The first American Chess Congress, organized by Daniel Willard Fiske and held in New York, October 6 to November 10, 1857, was won by Paul Morphy. [1] It was a knockout tournament in which draws did not count. The top sixteen American players were invited (William Allison, Samuel Robert Calthrop, Daniel Willard Fiske, William James Fuller, Hiram Kennicott, Hubert Knott, Theodor Lichtenhein, Napoleon Marache, Hardman Philips Montgomery, Alexander Beaufort Meek, Paul Morphy, Louis Paulsen, Frederick Perrin, Benjamin Raphael, Charles Henry Stanley, and James Thompson). [2] [3] First prize was $300. Morphy refused any money, but accepted a silver service consisting of a pitcher, four goblets, and a tray. Morphy's prize was given to him by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

Shown on the right is lithograph of the First American Chess Congress 1857. All members of the Congress are shown, including those who did not play in the main tournament. Top row: Colonel Charles Mead (chairman), George Hammond, Frederic Perrin, Daniel Willard Fiske, Hiram Kennicott, and Hardman Philips Montgomery. Left column: Hubert Knott, Louis Paulsen, and William Allison. Bottom row: Theodore Lichtenhein, James Thompson, Charles Henry Stanley, Alexander Beaufort Meek, Samuel Robert Calthrop, and Napoleon Marache. Right column: William James Fuller, Paul Morphy, and Benjamin Raphael.

First roundQuarterfinalsSemifinalsFinal
Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Paul Morphy  (USA)+3=0
Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  James Thompson  (USA)+0=0 Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Paul Morphy  (USA)+3=0
Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  William James Appleton Fuller  (USA)+2=0 Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Alexander Beaufort Meek  (USA)+0=0
Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Alexander Beaufort Meek  (USA)+3=0 Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Paul Morphy  (USA)+3=1
Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Hubert Knott  (USA)+2=2 Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Theodor Lichtenhein  (USA)+0=1
Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Frederick Perrin  (USA)+3=2 Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Frederick Perrin  (USA)+0=0
Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Theodor Lichtenhein  (USA)+3=0 Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Theodor Lichtenhein  (USA)+3=0
Flag of England.svg  Charles Henry Stanley  (ENG)+2=0 Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Paul Morphy  (USA)+5=2
Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Benjamin Raphael  (USA)+3=1 Wappen Deutscher Bund.svg Louis Paulsen (GER)+1=2
Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Hiram Kennicott  (USA)+2=1 Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Benjamin Raphael  (USA)+3=2
Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Daniel Fiske  (USA)+2=0 Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Napoleon Marache  (USA)+2=2
Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Napoleon Marache  (USA)+3=0 Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Benjamin Raphael  (USA)+0=1 Third place
Flag of England.svg  Samuel Robert Calthrop  (ENG)+0=0 Wappen Deutscher Bund.svg Louis Paulsen (GER)+3=1
Wappen Deutscher Bund.svg Louis Paulsen (GER)+3=0 Wappen Deutscher Bund.svg Louis Paulsen (GER)+2=0 Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Theodor Lichtenhein  (USA)+3=0
Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  William Allison  (USA)+1=0 Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Hardman Philips Montgomery  (USA)+0=0 Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Benjamin Raphael  (USA)+0=0
Flag of the United States (1851-1858).svg  Hardman Philips Montgomery  (USA)+3=0

Second American Chess Congress (1871)

The second American Chess Congress was held in Cleveland on December 4–15, 1871 and won by George Henry Mackenzie. The first prize was $100 (~$1,500 today) and the total prize fund was $290 (~$5,000 today). The entry fee was $10 ($150 today). It was a double round robin tournament with a time limit of 12 moves an hour. Draw games were replayed. There were nine players (George Henry Mackenzie, Henry Hosmer, Frederick Elder, Max Judd, Preston Ware, Harsen Darwin Smith, Henry Harding, A. Johnston, and William Houghton). With the retirement of Morphy, this tournament was generally intended to recognize the best player in the United States.

Player123456789Total wins
1Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  George Henry Mackenzie  (USA)xxxx1½0½101111111½1111114
2Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Henry Hosmer  (USA)0½1xxxx111½1000111111112
3Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Frederick Elder  (USA)½0100xxxx01½½011111111111
4Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Max Judd  (USA)000½010xxxx1110½11½111110
5Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Preston Ware  (USA)0011½½1000xxxx011011119
6Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Harsen Darwin Smith  (USA)0010000110xxxx1111119
7Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Henry Harding  (USA)0½00000½000100xxxx01114
8Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  A. Johnston  (USA)000000½00000010xxxx113
9Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  William Houghton  (USA)0000000000000000xxxx0

Third American Chess Congress (1874)

The third American Chess Congress was held in Chicago on July 7–16, 1874 and won by Mackenzie. There were eight players (Mackenzie, Hosmer, Judd, Bock, Elder, Perrin, Congdon, and Kennicott) and they had to pay a $20 entry fee. first place prize was $225. The tournament was again round robin, but for the first time draws were not replayed. The time control was 15 moves per hour. Elder and Kennicott withdraw before completing half their games, but their scores still counted.

#Player12345678Total wins
1Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  George Henry Mackenzie  (USA)xx1011--11111110½
2Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Henry Hosmer  (USA)01xx1011--11111110
3Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Max Judd  (USA)01xx--1111--7
4Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Frederick Bock  (USA)0000xx11--
5Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Frederick Elder  (USA)------xx0111--
6Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Frederick Perrin  (USA)0000000010xx10--2
7Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  James Adams Congdon  (USA)0000000001xx--
8Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Hiram Kennicott  (USA)0000----------xx0

Fourth American Chess Congress (1876)

The fourth American Chess Congress (called the American Centennial Championship) was held in Philadelphia on August 17–31, 1876 and won by James Mason. There were nine players (Mason, Judd, Davidson, Henry Bird, Elson, Roberts, Ware, Barbour, and Martinez). The entry fee was $20. First place was $300. Never intended to recognize the best player in America, this tournament was geared towards attracting foreign masters, and to awarding the Governor Garland Silver Cup, as well as celebrating the American Centennial.

Player123456789Total
1Green harp flag of Ireland.svg  James Mason  (IRE)xx10½111½1--10½
2Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Max Judd  (USA)xx0010111111--9
3Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Harry Davidson  (USA)0111xx½0½10111--
4Flag of England.svg  Henry Edward Bird  (ENG)01½1xx11½1½1--
5Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Jacob Elson  (USA)½0xx½½1011--8
6Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Albert Roberts  (USA)00½000½½xx11--
7Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  Preston Ware  (USA)000010½001xx½½--4
8Flag of the United States (1867-1877).svg  L.D. Barbour  (USA)½00000½00000½½xx--2
9Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg  Dión Martinez  (CUB)00--½½----------xx1

Fifth American Chess Congress (1880)

The fifth American Chess Congress was held in New York on January 6–26, 1880 and won by Mackenzie (he beat James Grundy on tiebreak, 2–0). There were 10 players: Cohnfeld, Congdon, Eugene Delmar, Grundy, Judd, Mackenzie, Mohle, Ryan, Sellman, and Ware.

Player12345678910Total
1Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  George Henry Mackenzie  (USA)xx10½½½11111111113½
2Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  James Grundy  (USA)xx½½101101111113½
3Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  Charles Moehle  (USA)01½½xx101111111113
4Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  Alexander Sellman  (USA)½½01xx1011111112½
5Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  Max Judd  (USA)½001xx½11111011111
6Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  Eugene Delmar  (USA)000001½0xx1111½111
7Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  John Ryan  (USA)0000000000xx110111
8Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  Preston Ware  (USA)001000000000xx½1
9Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  James Adams Congdon  (USA)½000000010½001xx00
10Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  Albert Cohnfeld  (USA)0000000000000011xx

Sixth American Chess Congress (1889)

The sixth American Chess Congress was held in New York in 1889 (a 20-man double round-robin tournament; one of the longest tournaments in history). The event was won by Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss. Both finished with a score of 29 but Chigorin defeated Weiss in their individual game. The top American finisher was S. Lipschütz, who took sixth place (his supporters in the Eastern US tried to push his claim to being US Champion as a result of this tournament; however, Lipschütz's claim was not accepted by all). Under rules that reigning World Champion Wilhelm Steinitz helped to develop, the winner was to be regarded as World Champion for the time being, but must be prepared to face a challenge from the second- or third-placed competitor within a month. [4] Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss tied for first, and remained tied after drawing all four games of a playoff. Weiss was not interested in playing a championship match, but Isidor Gunsberg, the third-place finisher, exercised his right and challenged Chigorin to a World Championship match. In 1890, he drew a first-to-10-wins match against Chigorin (9-9 with five draws). These were the same terms (9-9 draw clause) as the first World Championship match between Steinitz and Zukertort in 1886. They were also the same match terms that Bobby Fischer would insist on for his title defense in 1975.

Player1234567891011121314151617181920Total
1Romanov Flag.svg  Mikhail Chigorin  (RUS)xx½100½11110001101½11111½11110111111111129
2Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg  Max Weiss  (AUT)½0xx½110½½½111111110½½½1101111½111111129
3Flag of England.svg  Isidor Gunsberg  (ENG)11½0xx01½0½0101111½111011101111111111128½
4Flag of England.svg  Joseph Henry Blackburne  (ENG)½00110xx01101001111011111111111011½1111027
5Flag of England.svg  Amos Burn  (ENG)00½½½110xx001111101111010011011111111126
6Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  S. Lipschütz  (USA)01½0½101xx½10011½110½0½11111111011111125½
7Green harp flag of Ireland.svg  James Mason  (IRE)110111½0xx½00011½0100101½1½1½½111122
8Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  Max Judd  (USA)000001100011½1xx101101001100½1½010½1111120
9Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  Eugene Delmar  (USA)1000000000001101xx½010111001111011110118
10Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  Jackson Showalter  (USA)½000000101½00000½1xx½110101011½001½1111118
11Flag of England.svg  William Pollock  (ENG)0001½0000001½11001½0xx01½1½101110000111117½
12Flag of England.svg  Henry Bird  (ENG)00½½000000½10111000110xx½011½1110010½01117
13Flag of France.svg  Jean Taubenhaus  (FRA)½0½0100010½0100001½0½1xx0100½110111117
14Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  David Graham Baird  (USA)00010000110010110101½00010xx1000011110½116
15Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  Constant Ferdinand Burille  (USA)010010000000½0½0100010½01101xx½100½11115
16Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  James Moore Hanham  (USA)000000011000½100½1000011½0xx10011114
17Flag of England.svg  George H. D. Gossip  (ENG)00½000000001½00101101111½01001xx000013½
18Flag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg  Dión Martinez  (CUB)000000½00000½½½000½011010100111011xx010113½
19Flag of the United States (1877-1890).svg  John Washington Baird  (USA)0000000000000000000000½10001½010xx107
20Canadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg  Nicholas MacLeod  (CAN)00000001000000001000000000½00000111001xx

Seventh American Chess Congress (1904)

Group photo from the 1904 tournament STL Republic 19041023.jpg
Group photo from the 1904 tournament

The seventh American Chess Congress was held in St. Louis in 1904. With US Champion Harry Nelson Pillsbury ill and dying, Max Judd tried to arrange the seventh ACC, with the stipulation that the US title be awarded to the winner. Judd disputed Pillsbury's ownership of the title by challenging the legitimacy of the whole succession since the time of Mackenzie, disputing Lipschutz's claim to have acquired the title at New York 1889, and everything that had happened since then. Pillsbury, from bed objected to Judd's plans, and prevailed on his friend, the lawyer Walter Penn Shipley, to intercede. Judd's tournament was held anyway, and said to be for "The United States Tourney Championship", a title explicitly said to have no relation to the United States Championship title held by Pillsbury. The tournament was won by Frank James Marshall, ahead of Judd. There were 10 players: Louis Eisenberg, Charles Jaffe, Judd, Kemeny, Marshall, Stasch Mlotkowski, Edward F. Schrader, Eugene Wesley Schrader, Schwietzer, and Louis Uedemann. The winner was actually named U.S. Champion at the conclusion of this tournament.

Player1234567890Total
1Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg  Frank James Marshall  (USA)x1111111½1
2Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg  Max Judd  (USA)0x011111117
3Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg  Louis Uedemann  (USA)01x11100116
4Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg  Emil Kemény  (USA)000x1110115
5Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg  Edward F. Schrader  (USA)0000x½1111
6Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg  Louis Eisenberg  (USA)0000½x1111
7Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg  Charles Jaffe  (USA)001000x1114
8Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg  George Schwietzer  (USA)0011000x013
9Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg  Stasch Mlotkowski  (USA)½0000001x1
10Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg  Eugene W. Schrader  (USA)000000000x0

Eighth American Chess Congress (1921)

The eighth American Chess Congress was held in Atlantic City in 1921. The event was won by Dawid Janowski, followed by Norman Whitaker, Jaffe, etc. There were 12 players: Samuel Factor, Hago, Harvey, Jackson, Jaffe, Janowski, Marshall, Mlotkowski, Sharp, Vladimir Sournin, Isador Turover, and Whitaker. [5] [6]

Player123456789012Total
1Flag of France.svg  Dawid Janowski  (FRA)x01½½1½11111
2Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Norman Tweed Whitaker  (USA)1x01110101118
3Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Charles Jaffe  (USA)01x1100110117
4Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Martin D. Hago  (USA)½00x½½1½1½11
5Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Samuel Factor  (USA)½00½x½01½116
6Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Frank James Marshall  (USA)001½½x10½½116
7Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Vladimir Sournin  (USA)½11010x0½½1½6
8Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Sydney T. Sharp  (USA)000½011x½½11
9Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Isador Samuel Turover  (USA)0100½½½½x11½
10Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Stasch Mlotkowski  (USA)001½0½½½0x115
11Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  J. B. Harvey  (USA)0000000000x11
12Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Edward Schuyler Jackson  (USA)000000½0½00x1

Ninth American Chess Congress (1923)

The ninth and last American Chess Congress was held in Hotel Alamac in Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey on August 6–21, 1923. The tournament was played between 14 players: Horace Bigelow, Roy Turnbull Black, Oscar Chajes, Albert Hodges, Dawid Janowski, Abraham Kupchik, Edward Lasker, Frank James Marshall, John Stuart Morrison, Marvin Palmer, Anthony Santasiere, Morris Schapiro, Vladimir Sournin, and Oscar Tenner. It ended with a tie between Marshall and Kupchik scoring 10½ out of 13. [7] [8] [9]

Player12345678901234Total
1Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Frank James Marshall  (USA)x1½1½1111½½1½110½
2Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Abraham Kupchik  (USA)0x101½1111111110½
3Flag of France.svg  Dawid Janowski  (FRA)½0x1½½111111½110
4Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Edward Lasker  (USA)010x½1110111½19
5Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Morris Schapiro  (USA)½0½½x10½1½1111
6Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Roy Turnbull Black  (USA)0½½00x101011117
7Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Oscar Tenner  (USA)000010x1½11011
8Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Oscar Chajes  (USA)0000½10x110111
9Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Vladimir Sournin  (USA)000100½0x111½½
10Canadian Red Ensign (1868-1921).svg  John Stuart Morrison  (CAN)½000½1000x½½115
11Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Albert Hodges  (USA)½00000010½x½1½4
12Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Marvin Palmer  (USA)000000100½½x103
13Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Anthony Santasiere  (USA)½0½½0000½000x½
14Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  Horace Bigelow  (USA)00000000½0½1½x

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Chess Championship</span> Competition to determine the World Champion in chess

The World Chess Championship is played to determine the world champion in chess. The current world champion is Ding Liren, who defeated his opponent Ian Nepomniachtchi in the 2023 World Chess Championship. Magnus Carlsen, the previous world champion, had declined to defend his title.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilhelm Steinitz</span> Austrian-American chess player (1836–1900)

William Steinitz was a Bohemian-Austrian and, later, American chess player. From 1886 to 1894, he was the first World Chess Champion. He was also a highly influential writer and chess theoretician.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">US Chess Championship</span> Annual invitational tournament

The US Chess Championship is an invitational tournament organized by the United States Chess Federation to determine the country's chess champion. It is the oldest national chess tournament. The event originated as a challenge match in 1845, but the champion has been decided by tournament play under the auspices of the USCF since 1936. The tournament has fluctuated between a round-robin tournament and a Swiss system. From 1999 to 2006, the championship was sponsored and organized by the Seattle Chess Foundation and featured a larger body of competitors, made possible by the change to a Swiss-style format. After the Foundation withdrew its sponsorship, the 2007 and 2008 events were held in Stillwater, Oklahoma, still as a Swiss system, under tournament director Frank K. Berry. Rex Sinquefield's Saint Louis Chess Club has hosted the championship since 2009. Since 2014, the championship has used a round-robin format.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jackson Showalter</span> American chess champion

Jackson Whipps Showalter was a five-time U.S. Chess Champion: 1890, 1892, 1892–1894, 1895–96 and 1906–1909.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harry Nelson Pillsbury</span> American chess player

Harry Nelson Pillsbury was a leading American chess player. At the age of 22, he won the Hastings 1895 chess tournament, one of the strongest tournaments of the time, but his illness and early death prevented him from challenging for the World Chess Championship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mikhail Chigorin</span> Russian chess player (1850–1908)

Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin was a Russian chess player. He played two World Championship matches against Wilhelm Steinitz, losing both times. The last great player of the Romantic chess style, he also served as a major source of inspiration for the "Soviet chess school", which dominated the chess world in the middle and latter parts of the 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dawid Janowski</span> Belarusian-French chess player

Dawid Markelowicz Janowski was a Polish

chess player. Several openings variations are named after Janowski.
<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Henry Blackburne</span> British chess player (1841–1924)

Joseph Henry Blackburne was a British chess player. Nicknamed "The Black Death", he dominated the British scene during the latter part of the 19th century. Blackburne learned the game at the relatively late age of 17 or 18, but he quickly became a strong player and went on to develop a professional chess career that spanned over 50 years. At one point he was one of the world's leading players, with a string of tournament victories behind him, and popularised chess by giving simultaneous and blindfold displays around the country. Blackburne also published a collection of his own games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Szymon Winawer</span> Polish chess player

Szymon Abramowicz Winawer was a Polish chess player who won the German Chess Championship in 1883.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel Lipschutz</span> American chess player (1863–1905)

Samuel or Salomon Lipschütz was a chess player and author. He was chess champion of the United States from 1892 to 1894.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Henry Mackenzie</span> Scottish-born American chess master

George Henry Mackenzie was a Scottish-born American chess master.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Judd</span> American chess player

Max Judd was an American chess player.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Ewart Napier</span>

William Ewart Napier was an American chess master of English birth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Chess Championship 1896–1897</span>

The World Chess Championship 1896–1897 was a match for the World Chess Championship, contested between Emanuel Lasker and Wilhelm Steinitz. It was played in Moscow between November 6, 1896, and January 14, 1897. Lasker won by a score of 10 wins to 2, thus retaining his title.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William H. K. Pollock</span> English chess player

William Henry Krause Pollock was an English chess master, and a surgeon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuremberg 1896 chess tournament</span>

The tournament at Nürnberg 1896 should have become 10. Deutschen Schachbund Kongreß, but the local chess club took over the organisation and included no minor groups. Finally, the 10th DSB Congress was held in Eisenach in 1896.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George H. D. Gossip</span> American-British chess player

George Hatfeild Dingley Gossip was an American-English chess master and writer. He competed in chess tournaments between 1870 and 1895, playing against most of the world's leading players, but with only modest success. The writer G. H. Diggle calls him "the King of Wooden Spoonists" because he usually finished last in strong tournaments.

Events in chess in 1900:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1904 Cambridge Springs International Chess Congress</span>

The 1904 Cambridge Springs International Chess Congress was the first major international chess tournament in America in the twentieth century. It featured the participation of World Champion Emanuel Lasker, who had not played a tournament since 1900 and would not play again until 1909. After the tournament Lasker moved to America and started publishing Lasker's Chess Magazine, which ran from 1904 to 1907. However, that was not the only chess magazine spawned by the tournament. The Daily Bulletins produced by Hermann Helms proved so popular that Helms started the American Chess Bulletin as a direct consequence of the tournament. Volume 1, Issue 1 of the magazine was devoted to Cambridge Springs. Helms was somewhat more successful than Lasker as a publisher and American Chess Bulletin would be edited and published by Helms from 1904 until his death in 1963. The surprising upset victory of Frank Marshall marked his rise to prominence in American chess and he would eventually reign as champion of the United States for twenty-six years.

The Saint Petersburg 1895–96 chess tournament was one of the strongest chess tournaments of the 19th century.

References

  1. "American Chess Congress - Chess.com". Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
  2. newyork1857.doc Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
  3. "First American Chess Congress Opponents". Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  4. Thulin, A. (August 2007). "Steinitz—Chigorin, Havana 1899 - A World Championship Match or Not?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-30. Based on Landsberger, K. (2002), The Steinitz Papers: Letters and Documents of the First World Chess Champion, McFarland, ISBN   0-7864-1193-7 , retrieved 2008-11-19
  5. "The Frank James Marshall Electronic Archive and Museum: Tournament and Match Record". Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
  6. "New Page 1". Archived from the original on 2012-05-21. Retrieved 2012-06-07.
  7. "Captain Vladimir Sournin: A Russian Chess Player's Exploits in America" by Olimpiu G. Urcan
  8. "Sport: Chess Champs". Time. September 3, 1923. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  9. Lake Hopatcong, 1923

Further reading

This book was reprinted as Daniel W. Fiske. (1985), 1st American Chess Congress New York 1857, Edition Olms, ISBN   3-283-00085-9
These three books were reprinted in one volume as The second, third and fourth American Chess Congress, Cleveland 1871, Chicago 1874, Philadelphia 1876., Edition Olms, 1985, ISBN   3-283-00089-1
This book was reprinted as Charles A. Gilberg. (1986), The Fifth American Chess Congress New York 1880, Edition Olms, ISBN   3-283-00090-5
This book was reprinted as: Wilhelm Steinitz ; with a foreword by Christiaan M. Bijl. (1982), The book of the Sixth American Chess Congress, Edition Olms, ISBN   3-283-00152-9 {{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
It was recently reprinted as: Wilhelm Steinitz ; Introduction by Sam Sloan (1982), Sixth American Chess Congress, New York 1889, Ishi Press, ISBN   978-4-87187-847-0 {{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)