Coronavirus diseases

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Structural view of a coronavirus 3D medical animation coronavirus structure.jpg
Structural view of a coronavirus

Coronavirus diseases are caused by viruses in the coronavirus subfamily, a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, the group of viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), [1] [2] while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19. [3] [4] As of 2021, 45 species are registered as coronaviruses, [5] whilst 11 diseases have been identified, as listed below.

Contents

Coronaviruses are known for their shape resembling a stellar corona, such as that of the Sun visible during a total solar eclipse; corona is derived from Latin corōna 'garland, wreath, crown'. [6] It was coined by Tony Waterson (professor of virology at St Thomas' Hospital) [7] [8] [9] in a meeting with his colleagues June Almeida and David Tyrrell, the founding fathers of coronavirus studies, and was first used in a Nature article in 1968, [10] with approval by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses three years later. [11]

The first coronavirus disease was discovered in the late 1920s. Coronaviridae were generally of limited interest to the wider scientific community, until the appearance of SARS. Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s, through a variety of experiments in the United States and the United Kingdom. [12] A common origin in human coronaviruses is bats. [13]

List

Coronavirus diseases
Host organism Disease Pathogen Year of DiscoveryDetails
Birds Avian infectious bronchitis Avian coronavirus (IBV)1920s [14] (isolated in 1938) [15] Discovered in North America. [14]
Pigs, dogs, cats Enteritis Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)1946 (isolated in 1965) [16] Infects pigs, [16] cats, [17] and dogs. [18]
Humans Common cold Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV‑229E)1930s (isolated in 1965) [19] Possibly originated from bats. [20]
Mice, rats Encephalitis MHV-JHM, a strain of murine coronavirus (M‑CoV) named after John Howard Mueller. [21] 1949 [22]
HumansCommon cold Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV‑OC43)1967 [23] Possibly originated from rodents, then jumped through cattle to humans. [24]
PigsEnteritis Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)1971 [25] Infects pigs.
Caused outbreaks in 1972 [26] and 1978, [27] 2010, 2013, 2014, and 2015. [28]
DogsEnteritis Canine coronavirus (CCoV)1971
Cats Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) Feline coronavirus (FCoV)
Cattle Enteritis Bovine coronavirus (BCV or BCoV)
Humans Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‑CoV or SARS‑CoV‑1), a strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARSr‑CoV)2002Discovered in Foshan, China. [29]
Caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.
Possibly originated from horseshoe bats. [30]
HumansCommon cold Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV‑HKU1)2004Discovered in Hong Kong, China. [31]
HumansCommon cold Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV‑NL63)2004Discovered in Amsterdam, Netherlands. [32]
Possibly originated from tricolored bats. [33]
Chinese bulbuls Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 (BulbulCoV‑HKU11)2008Discovered in Hong Kong, China. [34] [35]
Humans Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS‑CoV)2012Discovered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. [36]
Caused outbreaks in 2012, 2015, and 2018.
PigsEnteritis Porcine coronavirus HKU15 (PorCov‑HKU15)2014Discovered in Hong Kong, China. [37]
Humans Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), a strain of SARSr‑CoV2019Discovered in Wuhan, China. [38] [39]
Caused the COVID-19 pandemic.
Possibly originated from pangolins, horseshoe bats, or both. [40]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronavirus</span> Subfamily of viruses in the family Coronaviridae

Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis.

<i>Coronaviridae</i> Family of viruses in the order Nidovirales

Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect amphibians, birds, and mammals. The group includes the subfamilies Letovirinae and Orthocoronavirinae; the members of the latter are known as coronaviruses.

<i>Murine coronavirus</i> Species of virus

Murine coronavirus (M-CoV) is a virus in the genus Betacoronavirus that infects mice. Belonging to the subgenus Embecovirus, murine coronavirus strains are enterotropic or polytropic. Enterotropic strains include mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains D, Y, RI, and DVIM, whereas polytropic strains, such as JHM and A59, primarily cause hepatitis, enteritis, and encephalitis. Murine coronavirus is an important pathogen in the laboratory mouse and the laboratory rat. It is the most studied coronavirus in animals other than humans, and has been used as an animal disease model for many virological and clinical studies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronavirus packaging signal</span> Regulartory element in coronaviruses

The Coronavirus packaging signal is a conserved cis-regulatory element found in Betacoronavirus. It has an important role in regulating the packaging of the viral genome into the capsid. As part of the viral life cycle, within the infected cell, the viral genome becomes associated with viral proteins and assembles into new infective progeny viruses. This process is called packaging and is vital for viral replication.

<i>Human coronavirus HKU1</i> Species of virus

Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) is a species of coronavirus in humans and animals. It causes an upper respiratory disease with symptoms of the common cold, but can advance to pneumonia and bronchiolitis. It was first discovered in January 2004 from one man in Hong Kong. Subsequent research revealed it has global distribution and earlier genesis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human coronavirus OC43</span> Species of virus

Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is a member of the species Betacoronavirus 1, which infects humans and cattle. The infecting coronavirus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that enters its host cell by binding to the N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid receptor. OC43 is one of seven coronaviruses known to infect humans. It is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold and may have been responsible for the 1889–1890 pandemic. It has, like other coronaviruses from genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Embecovirus, an additional shorter spike protein called hemagglutinin-esterase (HE).

<i>Alphacoronavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Alphacoronaviruses (Alpha-CoV) are members of the first of the four genera of coronaviruses. They are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that infect mammals, including humans. They have spherical virions with club-shaped surface projections formed by trimers of the spike protein, and a viral envelope.

<i>Deltacoronavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Deltacoronavirus (Delta-CoV) is one of the four genera of coronaviruses. It is in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. Deltacoronaviruses infect mostly birds and some mammals.

<i>Gammacoronavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Gammacoronavirus (Gamma-CoV) is one of the four genera of coronaviruses. It is in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of zoonotic origin. Coronaviruses infect both animals and humans.

<i>Human coronavirus 229E</i> Species of virus

Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and bats. It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor. Along with Human coronavirus OC43, it is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold. HCoV-229E is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Duvinacovirus.

Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus mammalian Group 2 Betacoronavirus that has been found to be genetically related to the Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that is responsible for the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak in Saudi Arabia, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy.

Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2 is a novel enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus species in the Alphacoronavirus, or Group 1, genus with a corona-like morphology.

Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512 is an enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus species in the Alphacoronavirus, or Group 1, genus with a corona-like morphology. It was isolated from a lesser Asiatic yellow house bat discovered in southern China.

Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA Deltacoronavirus of avian origin found in Chinese bulbuls.

<i>Coronavirus HKU15</i> Species of virus

Coronavirus HKU15, sometimes called Porcine coronavirus HKU15 is a virus first discovered in a surveillance study in Hong Kong, China, and first reported to be associated with porcine diarrhea in February 2014. In February 2014, PorCoV HKU15 was identified in pigs with clinical diarrhea disease in the U.S. state of Ohio. The complete genome of one US strain has been published. Since then, it has been identified in pig farms in Canada. The virus has been referred to as Porcine coronavirus HKU15, Swine deltacoronavirus and Porcine deltacoronavirus.

<i>Embecovirus</i> Subgenus of viruses

Embecovirus is a subgenus of coronaviruses in the genus Betacoronavirus. The viruses in this subgenus, unlike other coronaviruses, have a hemagglutinin esterase (HE) gene. The viruses in the subgenus were previously known as group 2a coronaviruses.

<i>Merbecovirus</i> Subgenus of viruses

Merbecovirus is a subgenus of viruses in the genus Betacoronavirus, including the human pathogen Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The viruses in this subgenus were previously known as group 2c coronaviruses.

Nobecovirus is a subgenus of viruses in the genus Betacoronavirus. The viruses in the group were previously known as group 2d coronaviruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of coronavirus</span> History of the virus group

The history of coronaviruses is an account of the discovery of the diseases caused by coronaviruses and the diseases they cause. It starts with the first report of a new type of upper-respiratory tract disease among chickens in North Dakota, U.S., in 1931. The causative agent was identified as a virus in 1933. By 1936, the disease and the virus were recognised as unique from other viral disease. They became known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), but later officially renamed as Avian coronavirus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ORF3a</span> Gene found in coronaviruses of the subgenus Sarbecovirus

ORF3a is a gene found in coronaviruses of the subgenus Sarbecovirus, including SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. It encodes an accessory protein about 275 amino acid residues long, which is thought to function as a viroporin. It is the largest accessory protein and was the first of the SARS-CoV accessory proteins to be described.

References

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