Dive profile

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Dive profile of an actual dive as recorded by a personal dive computer and displayed on a desktop screen using dive logging software. In this case depth is in metres. Dive computer recorded profile example.png
Dive profile of an actual dive as recorded by a personal dive computer and displayed on a desktop screen using dive logging software. In this case depth is in metres.
Personal dive computer display of dive profile and log data IDive DAN dive log display P3160385.JPG
Personal dive computer display of dive profile and log data

A dive profile is a description of a diver's pressure exposure over time. It may be as simple as just a depth and time pair, as in: "sixty for twenty," (a bottom time of 20 minutes at a depth of 60 feet) or as complex as a second by second graphical representation of depth and time recorded by a personal dive computer. Several common types of dive profile are specifically named, and these may be characteristic of the purpose of the dive. For example, a working dive at a limited location will often follow a constant depth (square) profile, and a recreational dive is likely to follow a multilevel profile, as the divers start deep and work their way up a reef to get the most out of the available breathing gas. The names are usually descriptive of the graphic appearance.

Contents

The intended dive profile is useful as a planning tool as an indication of the risks of decompression sickness and oxygen toxicity for the exposure, to calculate a decompression schedule for the dive, and also for estimating the volume of open-circuit breathing gas needed for a planned dive, as these depend in part upon the depth and duration of the dive. A dive profile diagram is conventionally drawn with elapsed time running from left to right and depth increasing down the page.

Many personal dive computers record the instantaneous depth at small time increments during the dive. This data can sometimes be displayed directly on the dive computer or more often downloaded to a personal computer, tablet, or smartphone and displayed in graphic form as a dive profile.

Concept

The profile of a dive is the variation of depth, measured as ambient pressure, over time during that dive. The actual location of the diver at any time is generally not considered, as the dive profile is a tool for dive planning and decompression status calculation. Other data may be added to the depth graph, such as partial pressures of the breathing gas constituents, calculated estimates of accumulated gas concentrations in the theoretical tissue, gas consumption rates and cumulative gas consumption. These additional values are available when the dive computer uses them to estimate decompression status, to provide the diver with a recommend decompression schedule for the exposure of the actual dive.

Types of dive profile

Some types of dive profile have been named. An analysis of dive profiles logged by dive computers by the Divers Alert Network used categorization rules which were based on the fraction of the dive time spent in four depth zones: descent, bottom, multilevel, and decompression. The descent zone was defined as the part of the dive between the surface and first reaching 85% of the maximum depth. The bottom zone is the part of the dive deeper than 85% of maximum depth. The multilevel zone is ascent from 85% to 25% of maximum depth, and the decompression zone is less than 25% of maximum depth. A square dive profile was defined as having more than 40% of the total dive time in the bottom zone and not more than 30% in the multilevel and decompression zones. A multilevel was defined as having at least 40% of the total dive time in the multilevel zone. All other dives are considered to be intermediate.

Square profile

Square profiles without and with decompression stop Square profiles without and with decompression stop.png
Square profiles without and with decompression stop

Or constant (bottom) depth profile. The diver descends directly to maximum depth, spends most of the dive at maximum depth and then ascends directly at a safe rate, with any required decompression. The sides of the "square" are not truly vertical due to the need for a slow descent to avoid barotrauma and a slow ascent rate to avoid decompression sickness. [1] The term has also been used more loosely, for example DAN's definition of more than 40% of total dive time in the bottom zone which is within 15% of maximum depth.

This type of profile is common for dives at sites where there is a flat sea-bed or where the diver remains at the same place throughout the dive to work. It is the most demanding profile for decompression for a given maximum depth and time because inert gas absorption continues at maximum rate for most of the dive. Decompression tables are drawn up based on the assumption that the diver may follow a square profile and be working while at the bottom, which is common practice for professional divers. [2]

Multi-level diving

Multilevel dive profile without decompression stop Multileveldive profile without decompression stop.png
Multilevel dive profile without decompression stop

Multi-level diving, in the broader sense, is diving where the activity other than descent, direct ascent, and decompression, takes place in more than one depth range, where a depth range can be arbitrarily defined for convenience, and usually follows the depth graduations of the decompression tables in use. Most recreational diving is multi-level by this description. In the narrower sense, it implies that decompression is calculated based on the time spent in each of more than one depth range. Decompression calculations using dive tables for multi-level dives were moderately common practice for advanced recreational diving before dive computers were widely used. [3]

Where the dive site and underwater topography permit, divers often prefer to descend initially to maximum depth and slowly ascend throughout the dive. A slow ascent, and therefore slow pressure reduction, is a good decompression practice. Multi-level decompression calculation takes this into account and does not burden the diver with decompression obligation for all the time not spent at maximum depth, so the decompression schedule will be less conservative than for a square profile for the same maximum depth. Stepped multi-level decompression calculation uses local maximum depth for each sector of the dive, which is more conservative than real time calculations following instantaneous depth profile, but more conservative than for square profiles.

A practice developed of calculating decompression during the dive, using tables printed on a plastic card, to remain within no-decompression limits for multi-level dives. Although this procedure had very little controlled experimental verification, it did appear to be reasonably safe in the field. This may be attributable to the relative conservatism of the tables used. [3]

Dive computers, unlike decompression tables, measure actual depth and time at short intervals during the dive and calculate the exact gas loading and decompression indicated by the decompression model, so their decompression calculations are inherently multi-level at a fine resolution. [4]

Repet-Up profile

Repet-up dive profile with decompression stop Repet-up dive profile with decompression stop.png
Repet-up dive profile with decompression stop

A commercial diving term for a multi-level dive in which each recorded change of depth is to a shallower depth range. This profile type is used to maximise dive time while limiting decompression time when using decompression tables, but could also use decompression software. At each change of depth range limit the nominal residual inert gas loading is recalculated for the dive to that point by the supervisor, and a new effective dive time established based on the most recent depth limit. The procedure has been shown to be acceptably safe, and is economically advantageous. [5]

Hang-off profile

Hang-off dive profile with decompression stop Hang-off dive profile with decompression stop.png
Hang-off dive profile with decompression stop

A hang-off is a procedure used in commercial bounce diving to reduce unnecessary inert gas accumulation during idle periods when the diver is waiting for surface support activity to be completed before the diver's underwater work can continue. During a hang-off the diver ascends to a shallower depth, usually 30 feet (9.1 m), at or below the first decompression stop depth, where ingassing is effectively stopped, and decompression obligation is put on hold, then descends back to the working depth to continue with the job. By its nature, this profile does not apply to recreational diving, but could be used in any surface oriented professional diving application. [5]

Repetitive diving

Dive profile of repetitive dives of equal depth Dive profile of repetitive dives of equal depth.png
Dive profile of repetitive dives of equal depth

At the surface the remaining excess of absorbed inert gases from the dive are eliminated as time passes. When completely "desaturated" the levels of those gases in the diver's body have returned to those normal at atmospheric pressure. The interval to complete desaturation varies depending upon factors such as the depth and duration of the dive, the altitude of the dive, the gas mixtures breathed on the dive, and the decompression strategy used. The maximum interval until desaturation is considered to have occurred depends on the decompression algorithm in use. On the BSAC 88 dive table it is deemed to take 16 hours. [6] The US Navy tables revision 5 considered the diver unsaturated in 12 hours for normal exposure, and the Buhlmann tables allow 24 hours for the slowest tissues to fully desaturate after a long dive.

Repetitive diving occurs when two dives are separated by a short surface interval, during which the diver has not completely outgassed from the first dive. The gas loading from the first dive must then be taken into account when determining no stop times and decompression requirements for the second dive. [7] [8] Multiple decompressions per day over multiple days can increase the risk of decompression sickness because of the buildup of asymptomatic bubbles, which reduce the rate of off-gassing and are not accounted for in most decompression algorithms. [9]

Reverse profile

Reverse profile repetitive dive - no decompression stop Reverse profile repetitive dive - no stop.png
Reverse profile repetitive dive - no decompression stop

Reverse profiles occur when a repeat dive is deeper than the earlier dive. The term is also sometimes used to refer to a single dive profile where the depth generally increases during the bottom phase of the dive until the start of the ascent. Many recreational diver training agencies discouraged or even prohibited reverse profiles for reasons that were not clearly expressed, until the American Academy of Underwater Sciences workshop on reverse dive profiles concluded there was no evidence to support prohibiting reverse dive profiles. [10]

Findings:

  • Historically neither the U.S. Navy nor the commercial sector have prohibited reverse dive profiles.
  • Reverse dive profiles are being performed in recreational, scientific, commercial, and military diving.
  • The prohibition of reverse dive profiles by recreational training organizations cannot be traced to any definite diving experience that indicates an increased risk of DCS.
  • No convincing evidence was presented that reverse dive profiles within the no-decompression limits lead to a measurable increase in the risk of DCS.

Michael A. Lang and Charles E. Lehner, Co-Chairs of the Reverse Dive Profiles Workshop, October 29-30. [10]

Forward profile

Forward profile repetitive dives - no stop Forward profile repetitive dives,- no stop.png
Forward profile repetitive dives - no stop

This term is occasionally used to indicate that a repetitive dive is shallower than the previous dive. This sequence has practical advantages of longer no-stop bottom time, or shorter decompression time than reverse profile dives, but although for several years some of the recreational diver certification agencies promoted this sequence as safer than reverse profile, the claim was not based on evidence, and has been rebutted after examination of the history of the claim and evidence of comparative decompression risk by a panel of experts in 1999. [10]

Saw-tooth profile

Sawtoothdive profile - no decompression stops Sawtoothdive profile - no decompression stops.png
Sawtoothdive profile - no decompression stops

In a saw tooth profile the diver ascends and descends a number of times during the dive. Each ascent and descent increases the risk of decompression sickness if there are any bubbles already in the diver's tissues. [2] [11] [12] The increase in risk depends on the ascent rate, magnitude and duration of the upwards excursion, the saturation levels of the tissues, and to some extent the time spent after returning to depth. Accurate assessment of the increase of risk is not currently (2016) possible, but some dive computers make an adjustment to the decompression requirement based on violations of recommended maximum ascent rate as an attempt to compensate. [13]

Decompression profile

Decompression dive profile Decompression dive profile.png
Decompression dive profile

When no stop depth or time limits are exceeded the diver must decompress more extensively than allowed for in the recommended maximum ascent rate to reduce the risk of decompression sickness. This is conventionally done as decompression stops, which are pauses in ascent at specified depths for specified times derived from the decompression algorithm and based on the dive profile history and breathing gas composition. Depth and duration of obligatory decompression stops are specified by the decompression model used. [14] [15] Stops are usually specified in 3-metre (10 ft) steps. The depth of the deepest (first) stop for the same profile history will depend on the algorithm, as some decompression models start decompression at lower supersaturation (lower M-values) than others. The duration of the shallower stops is generally more than the duration of deeper stops on a specific dive. Stops extend the dive profile graph along the time axis.

Bounce profile

Recreational bounce dive profile Recreational bounce dive profile.png
Recreational bounce dive profile
New Zealand occupational bounce dives profile New Zealand occupational bounce dives profile.png
New Zealand occupational bounce dives profile

Bounce dive is a commonly used term, but the meaning of a bounce dive profile depends on context, and can vary considerably.

In recreational diving terminology, in a bounce dive the diver descends directly to the maximum depth, spends very little time at maximum depth and ascends directly to the surface, preferably at an ascent rate recommended by the decompression model used, usually without any obligatory decompression stops.

In technical diving, the ascent may include decompression stops, and the short bottom time may remain a feature. Depth record dives generally follow this profile type to minimise the decompression obligation, which is several hours. [16]

In commercial diving in general, and offshore diving in particular, a bounce dive is any surface oriented dive, in which the diver is decompressed to surface pressure at the end of the dive and does not transfer to a hyperbaric habitat where the diver lives at pressure between dives and only decompresses at the end of a tour of duty. The duration of bottom time is not relevant in this usage, and decmpression may be required for long periods. [17]

In New Zealand occupational diving, the term refers to "repetitive diving to depths shallower than 21 m with less than 15 minutes surface interval between consecutive dives". No reference is made to the duration of the dive. [18]

A bell bounce dive is a dive where the diver is transported to and from the underwater workplace in a closed diving bell or lock-out submersible, and decompressed to surface pressure after the dive, without the use of saturation techniques. [19] [17]

Saturation profile

A saturation profile is one which all the tissues considered by the decompression model have become saturated with inert gas from the breathing mixture. Most decompression models will take this to be at six tissue half-times for the slowest tissue considered. Further bottom time at the same depth will not affect the inert gas loading of any tissue and will not affect the decompression required. [20]

Excursion from saturation depth

Saturation dive profile with upward and downward excursions from storage depth Saturation dive profile with upward and downward excursions.png
Saturation dive profile with upward and downward excursions from storage depth

An excursion from saturation depth is an upward or downward change of depth during a saturation dive, usually from a closed bell [5] Excursions from a bell are usually limited to depth variations that do not require decompression to return to storage depth nor decompression in water to reach the upper extreme. Dives from an underwater habitat are more likely to involve decompression on downward excursions, as habitat internal pressure is usually not easily varied.

Uses of a dive profile

A simple record of depth and time for a dive is useful as a legal record of a diving operation, where this is required, and in the case of an accident during the dive, an accurately recorded dive profile can provide useful diagnostic information for treatment of the injured diver and for analysis of the circumstances leading to the accident and the action taken during and after the incident. [21] A proposed dive profile is necessary for effective dive planning, both for estimating the required breathing gas composition and quantities, for planning decompression, and for choosing suitable diving equipment and other logistical aspects.

Calculation of gas requirements

The breathing gas mixtures appropriate to a dive depend to a large extent on the maximum depth and the decompression obligations incurred by the planned duration of the dive and the time spent at each depth. The quantity of gases required for scuba will depend on the time spent at each depth, the breathing rate of the diver, the type of breathing apparatus to be used, and reasonable allowances for contingencies. [7] [8]

Planning and monitoring decompression

For planning and monitoring decompression using decompression tables, the input data usually consists of the maximum depth reached during the dive, the bottom time as defined by the dive table in use and the composition of the breathing gas. For repetitive dives it also includes the "surface interval" – the time spent at surface pressure between the previous dive and the start of the next dive. This information is used to estimate the levels of inert gas dissolved in the diver's tissues during and after completing a dive or series of dives. Residual gas may be expressed as a "repetitive group", which is an important input value for planning the decompression for the next dive when using tables. A more detailed and extensive set of residual gas data is stored in the memory of a dive computer, and automatically applied as initial conditions to subsequent dives. [22]

When decompression planning software is used to produce a schedule for a planned dive, the necessary input includes a definition of the dive profile. This may be in as much detail as the user is prepared to provide and the program is capable of using, but will always specify at least maximum depth and bottom time, and may go into detail regarding recent dive history, multiple levels, gas switches, altitude and personal conservatism factors. [23] Many dive computers have a dive planning function for which the diver selects a maximum depth and the computer displays the maximum bottom time for which no decompression stops are required. [24]

Ambient pressure at the surface

Atmospheric pressure changes due to change of altitude before or after diving can have a significant influence on decompression risk. [25] Diving at high altitude requires special consideration in decompression planning. [26] [27] [28] Such variations in ambient pressure caused by flying or surface travel involving changes in altitude will affect decompression and should be considered during dive planning and therefore may influence a planned dive profile. [29]

Records

The dive profile is often recorded in some way as part of a permanent record of the dive. Maximum depth, bottom time and any decompression required are routinely logged by most professional divers, for whom it may be a legal requirement, [30] [31] and by many recreational divers, for whom it is usually a recommendation of the training agencies. [32]

Recreational diving paper logbooks frequently provide a simple graphic representation of a dive profile for recording the details of a dive which are necessary for planning a repetitive dive using a specified set of dive tables. [33] Digital diving logs such as the freeware Subsurface and various proprietary packages from diving computer manufacturers may display a graphic representation of the dive profile downloaded from the dive computer. [23] [34]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Technical diving</span> Extended scope recreational diving

Technical diving is scuba diving that exceeds the agency-specified limits of recreational diving for non-professional purposes. Technical diving may expose the diver to hazards beyond those normally associated with recreational diving, and to a greater risk of serious injury or death. The risk may be reduced by appropriate skills, knowledge and experience, and by using suitable equipment and procedures. The skills may be developed through appropriate specialised training and experience. The equipment involves breathing gases other than air or standard nitrox mixtures, and multiple gas sources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dive computer</span> Instrument to calculate decompression status in real time

A dive computer, personal decompression computer or decompression meter is a device used by an underwater diver to measure the elapsed time and depth during a dive and use this data to calculate and display an ascent profile which, according to the programmed decompression algorithm, will give a low risk of decompression sickness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scuba diving</span> Swimming underwater, breathing gas carried by the diver

Scuba diving is a mode of underwater diving whereby divers use breathing equipment that is completely independent of a surface breathing gas supply, and therefore has a limited but variable endurance. The name scuba is an anacronym for "Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus" and was coined by Christian J. Lambertsen in a patent submitted in 1952. Scuba divers carry their own source of breathing gas, usually compressed air, affording them greater independence and movement than surface-supplied divers, and more time underwater than free divers. Although the use of compressed air is common, a gas blend with a higher oxygen content, known as enriched air or nitrox, has become popular due to the reduced nitrogen intake during long or repetitive dives. Also, breathing gas diluted with helium may be used to reduce the effects of nitrogen narcosis during deeper dives.

The reduced gradient bubble model(RGBM) is an algorithm developed by Bruce Wienke for calculating decompression stops needed for a particular dive profile. It is related to the Varying Permeability Model. but is conceptually different in that it rejects the gel-bubble model of the varying permeability model.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pony bottle</span> Small independent scuba cylinder usually carried for emergency gas supply

A pony bottle or pony cylinder is a small diving cylinder which is fitted with an independent regulator, and is usually carried by a scuba diver as an auxiliary scuba set. In an emergency, such as depletion of the diver's main air supply, it can be used as an alternative air source or bailout bottle to allow a normal ascent in place of a controlled emergency swimming ascent. The key attribute of a pony bottle is that it is a totally independent source of breathing gas for the diver.

Ratio decompression is a technique for calculating decompression schedules for scuba divers engaged in deep diving without using dive tables, decompression software or a dive computer. It is generally taught as part of the "DIR" philosophy of diving promoted by organisations such Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) Innerspace Explorers (ISE) and Unified Team Diving (UTD) at the advanced technical diving level. It is designed for decompression diving executed deeper than standard recreational diving depth limits using trimix as a "bottom mix" breathing gas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ascending and descending (diving)</span> Procedures for safe ascent and descent in underwater diving

In underwater diving, ascending and descending is done using strict protocols to avoid problems caused by the changes in ambient pressure and the hazards of obstacles near the surface such as collision with vessels. Diver certification and accreditation organisations place importance on these protocols early in their diver training programmes. Ascent and descent are historically the times when divers are injured most often when failing to follow appropriate procedure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Decompression (diving)</span> Pressure reduction and its effects during ascent from depth

The decompression of a diver is the reduction in ambient pressure experienced during ascent from depth. It is also the process of elimination of dissolved inert gases from the diver's body which accumulate during ascent, largely during pauses in the ascent known as decompression stops, and after surfacing, until the gas concentrations reach equilibrium. Divers breathing gas at ambient pressure need to ascend at a rate determined by their exposure to pressure and the breathing gas in use. A diver who only breathes gas at atmospheric pressure when free-diving or snorkelling will not usually need to decompress, Divers using an atmospheric diving suit do not need to decompress as they are never exposed to high ambient pressure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scuba gas planning</span> Estimation of breathing gas mixtures and quantities required for a planned dive profile

Scuba gas planning is the aspect of dive planning and of gas management which deals with the calculation or estimation of the amounts and mixtures of gases to be used for a planned dive. It may assume that the dive profile, including decompression, is known, but the process may be iterative, involving changes to the dive profile as a consequence of the gas requirement calculation, or changes to the gas mixtures chosen. Use of calculated reserves based on planned dive profile and estimated gas consumption rates rather than an arbitrary pressure is sometimes referred to as rock bottom gas management. The purpose of gas planning is to ensure that for all reasonably foreseeable contingencies, the divers of a team have sufficient breathing gas to safely return to a place where more breathing gas is available. In almost all cases this will be the surface.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dive planning</span> The process of planning an underwater diving operation

Dive planning is the process of planning an underwater diving operation. The purpose of dive planning is to increase the probability that a dive will be completed safely and the goals achieved. Some form of planning is done for most underwater dives, but the complexity and detail considered may vary enormously.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Decompression practice</span> Techniques and procedures for safe decompression of divers

To prevent or minimize decompression sickness, divers must properly plan and monitor decompression. Divers follow a decompression model to safely allow the release of excess inert gases dissolved in their body tissues, which accommodated as a result of breathing at ambient pressures greater than surface atmospheric pressure. Decompression models take into account variables such as depth and time of dive, breathing gasses, altitude, and equipment to develop appropriate procedures for safe ascent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of decompression research and development</span> Chronological list of notable events in the history of diving decompression.

Decompression in the context of diving derives from the reduction in ambient pressure experienced by the diver during the ascent at the end of a dive or hyperbaric exposure and refers to both the reduction in pressure and the process of allowing dissolved inert gases to be eliminated from the tissues during this reduction in pressure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Decompression theory</span> Theoretical modelling of decompression physiology

Decompression theory is the study and modelling of the transfer of the inert gas component of breathing gases from the gas in the lungs to the tissues and back during exposure to variations in ambient pressure. In the case of underwater diving and compressed air work, this mostly involves ambient pressures greater than the local surface pressure, but astronauts, high altitude mountaineers, and travellers in aircraft which are not pressurised to sea level pressure, are generally exposed to ambient pressures less than standard sea level atmospheric pressure. In all cases, the symptoms caused by decompression occur during or within a relatively short period of hours, or occasionally days, after a significant pressure reduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scuba gas management</span> Logistical aspects of scuba breathing gas

Scuba gas management is the aspect of scuba diving which includes the gas planning, blending, filling, analysing, marking, storage, and transportation of gas cylinders for a dive, the monitoring and switching of breathing gases during a dive, efficient and correct use of the gas, and the provision of emergency gas to another member of the dive team. The primary aim is to ensure that everyone has enough to breathe of a gas suitable for the current depth at all times, and is aware of the gas mixture in use and its effect on decompression obligations, nitrogen narcosis, and oxygen toxicity risk. Some of these functions may be delegated to others, such as the filling of cylinders, or transportation to the dive site, but others are the direct responsibility of the diver using the gas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyle stop</span> Type of short deep decompression stops in addition to the standard profile

A Pyle stop is a type of short, optional deep decompression stop performed by scuba divers at depths well below the first decompression stop mandated by a conventional dissolved phase decompression algorithm, such as the US Navy or Bühlmann decompression algorithms. They were named after Richard Pyle, an American ichthyologist from Hawaii, who found that they prevented his post-dive fatigue symptoms after deep dives to collect fish specimens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Decompression equipment</span> Equipment used by divers to facilitate decompression

There are several categories of decompression equipment used to help divers decompress, which is the process required to allow divers to return to the surface safely after spending time underwater at higher ambient pressures.

Diving procedures are standardised methods of doing things that are commonly useful while diving that are known to work effectively and acceptably safely. Due to the inherent risks of the environment and the necessity to operate the equipment correctly, both under normal conditions and during incidents where failure to respond appropriately and quickly can have fatal consequences, a set of standard procedures are used in preparation of the equipment, preparation to dive, during the dive if all goes according to plan, after the dive, and in the event of a reasonably foreseeable contingency. Standard procedures are not necessarily the only courses of action that produce a satisfactory outcome, but they are generally those procedures that experiment and experience show to work well and reliably in response to given circumstances. All formal diver training is based on the learning of standard skills and procedures, and in many cases the over-learning of the skills until the procedures can be performed without hesitation even when distracting circumstances exist. Where reasonably practicable, checklists may be used to ensure that preparatory and maintenance procedures are carried out in the correct sequence and that no steps are inadvertently omitted.

References

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  2. 1 2 Busuttili, Mike; Holbrook, Mike; Ridley, Gordon; Todd, Mike, eds. (1985). "Using basic equipment". Sport diving – The British Sub-Aqua Club Diving Manual. London: Stanley Paul & Co Ltd. p. 110. ISBN   0-09-163831-3.
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  4. ↑ Lang, M.A.; Hamilton, Jr, R.W. (1989). Proceedings of the AAUS Dive Computer Workshop. USC Catalina Marine Science Center: American Academy of Underwater Sciences. p. 231.
  5. 1 2 3 Overland, Terry (2000). Lang, M.A.; Lehner, C.E. (eds.). The development of and use of reverse dive profiles, Repet-Up and Hang-Off diving procedures in the offshore oilfield commercial diving industry. Proceedings of the Reverse Dive Profiles Workshop. October 29-30, 1999. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  6. ↑ The BSAC Nitrox Decompression Tables, Surface Interval Table. BS-AC. p. 5.
  7. 1 2 NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (28 February 2001). Joiner, James T. (ed.). NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology (4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program. ISBN   978-0-941332-70-5. CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company
  8. 1 2 US Navy (2006). US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
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  12. ↑ "Scottish Diving Medicine - Reducing the Risk of DCI". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
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  14. ↑ Boycott, A.E.; Damant, G.C.C.; Haldane, J.S. (1908). "Prevention of compressed air illness". J. Hygiene. 8 (3): 342–443. doi:10.1017/S0022172400003399. PMC   2167126 . PMID   20474365. Archived from the original on 24 March 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  15. ↑ Bühlmann, Albert A. (1984). Decompression-Decompression Sickness. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN   0-387-13308-9.
  16. ↑ Pyle, Richard L. (2002). Lin, Y-C (ed.). Insights on Deep Bounce Dive Safety From the Technical Diving Community. Proceedings of the 16th Meeting of the United States-Japan Cooperative Programs on Natural Resources (UJNR), 1-3 November 2001. East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.1075.5981 .
  17. 1 2 Beyerstein, G (2006). Lang, M.A.; Smith, N.E. (eds.). Commercial Diving: Surface-Mixed Gas, Sur-D-O2, Bell Bounce, Saturation. Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2016.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  18. ↑ "Bounce diving". www.worksafe.govt.nz. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  19. ↑ "bell bounce diving technique definition". www.lawinsider.com. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  20. ↑ Staff, US Navy (2006). "15". US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  21. ↑ Barsky, Steven; Neuman, Tom (2003). Investigating Recreational and Commercial Diving Accidents. Santa Barbara, California: Hammerhead Press. ISBN   0-9674305-3-4.
  22. ↑ Hamilton, R.W. Jr, ed. (1995). Effectiveness of Dive Computers in Repetitive Diving. 44th Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Workshop. UHMS Publication Number 81(DC)6-1-94. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. p. 71. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2016.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  23. 1 2 "iDive Tech User manual Ver 3.3" (PDF). Ratio Computers. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  24. ↑ "Suunto Zoop User's guide" (PDF). Suunto Oy. 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  25. ↑ Brubakk, A.O.; Neuman, T.S. (2003). Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving, 5th Rev ed. United States: Saunders Ltd. p. 800. ISBN   0-7020-2571-2.
  26. ↑ Bassett, B.E. (1979). "And yet another approach to the problems of Altitude Diving and Flying After Diving.". Decompression in Depth Symposia. Santa Ana, California: Diving Science & Technology Corp. pp. 38–48. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2008.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  27. ↑ Bassett, B.E. (1982). "Decompression Procedures for Flying After Diving, and Diving at Altitudes above Sea Level". US Air Force Technical Report. SAM-TR-82-47. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  28. ↑ Egi, S.M.; Brubank, A.O. (1995). "Diving at altitude: a review of decompression strategies". Undersea Hyperb Med. 22 (3): 281–300. ISSN   1066-2936. OCLC   26915585. PMID   7580768. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  29. ↑ Staff (2011). "BSAC Nitrox decompression tables" (PDF). British Sub-Aqua Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  30. ↑ Diving Regulations 2009 of the South African Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993. Government notice R41, Government Gazette #32907 of 29 January 2010. Pretoria: Government Printer.
  31. ↑ Statutory Instruments 1997 No. 2776, Health and Safety, The Diving at Work Regulations 1997.
  32. ↑ "The scuba diving logbook". Diviac. 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  33. ↑ Baker, Bob (2016). "Naui Logbook Rev 3". Scribd Inc. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  34. ↑ Ferguson, Willem; van Koll, Jacco; Hohndel, Dirk; Hoornweg, Reinout; Torvalds, Linus; Turkia, Miika; Chaudhuri, Amit; Schubert, Jan; Cuñat, Salvador; Neves, Pedro (October 2015). "Subsurface 4.5 User Manual". subsurface-divelog.org. Retrieved 25 August 2016.

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