Dress

Last updated

Dress MET 19.181.1 F2.jpeg
Afternoon ensemble MET 63.212a-b CP4.jpg
Afternoon dress MET 1990.28a-b threequarter front CP4.jpg
Evening dress MET DT414.jpg
Various examples of dresses

A dress (also known as a frock or a gown ) is a garment traditionally worn by women or girls consisting of a skirt with an attached bodice (or a matching bodice giving the effect of a one-piece garment). [1] It consists of a top piece that covers the torso and hangs down over the legs. A dress can be any one-piece garment containing a skirt of any length, and can be formal or casual.

Contents

A dress can have sleeves, straps, or be held up with elastic around the chest, leaving the shoulders bare. Dresses also vary in color.

The hemlines of dresses vary depending on modesty, weather, fashion or the personal taste of the wearer. [2]

Overview

Dresses are outer garments made up of a bodice and a skirt and can be made in one or more pieces. [3] [4] Dresses are generally suitable for both formal wear and casual wear in the West for women and girls. [4]

Historically, dresses could also include other items of clothing such as corsets, kirtles, partlets, petticoats, smocks, and stomachers. [5] [6] [7]

History

11th century

In the 11th century, women in Europe wore dresses that were similar to men's tunics and were loose, with a hemline reaching to below the knees or lower. [8] By the end of the century, these dresses featured a tighter fit on the arms and women's upper bodies. [8] Dresses were made snug by featuring slits on the sides of the dress that were pulled tight in order to fit a woman's figure. [9]

16th century

Starting in the 1550s, middle- and upper-class women in Europe wore dresses which included a smock, stays, kirtle, gown, forepart, sleeves, ruff and a partlet. [5] Undergarments were not worn underneath. [5] In England, Queen Elizabeth dictated what kinds of dresses women were allowed to wear. [10] French women were inspired by Spanish-style bodices and also wore ruffs. [10] French dresses were known as marlottes. [11] In Italy, dresses were known as ropa and semarra. [11] Dresses in the 16th century also displayed surface decoration such as embroidery, with blackwork being especially popular. [12]

Women's dresses in Russia during both the 16th and 17th centuries identified a woman's place in society or their family. [13]

17th century

Holland, as a center of textile production, was a particularly noted area of innovation in dress fashion during the 17th Century. [7] In Spain and Portugal, women wore stomachers [7] while in England and France, dresses became more "naturally" shaped. [7] Lace and slashing were popular decorations. [7] Skirts were full, with regular folds and the overskirt allowed the display of an underskirt of contrasting fabric. [7] Necklines became lower as well. [7] Embroidery that reflected scientific discoveries, such as newly discovered animals and plants were popular. [14] In the British Colonies, multi-piece dresses were also popular, though less luxurious. [15] Wealthy women living in the Spanish or Dutch colonies in the Americas copied the fashions that were popular from their homelands. [16]

The three-piece dress, which had a bodice, petticoat and gown, was popular until the last 25 years of the century, in which the mantua, or a one-piece gown, became more popular. [17] Corsets became more important in dresses by the 1680s. [18]

Working women, and women in slavery in the Americas, used simple patterns to create shifts, wool or linen petticoats and gowns and cotton dresses. [19] The bottoms of the skirts could be tucked into the waistband when a woman was near a cooking or heating fire. [19]

18th century

Illustration of 18th century French women Lacroix .jpg
Illustration of 18th century French women

Large, triangular silhouettes were favored during the 18th century, skirts were wide and supported by hoop underskirts. [20] [21] One-piece gowns remained popular until the middle of the century. [22] During the 1760s in France, hoop petticoats were reduced in size. [23] Lighter colors and lighter fabrics were also favored. [24] In Colonial America, women most often wore a gown and petticoat, in which the skirt of the gown opened to reveal the petticoat underneath. [25] Women also had riding habits which consisted of the petticoat, jacket and a waistcoat. [25]

French fashion regarding dresses became very fast-changing during the later part of the 18th century. [26] Throughout this period, the length of fashionable dresses varied only slightly, between ankle-length and floor-sweeping. [2] Between 1740 and 1770, the robe à la française was very popular with upper-class women. [27] In France, the Empire style became popular after the French Revolution. [28] This simpler style was also favored by Josephine Bonaparte, [28] wife of Napoleon. Other popular styles during the revolution included tunic dresses and the negligée à la patriot, which featured the red, white and blue colors of the flag. [29]

19th century

Empire dress, 1800-1805, cotton and linen, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) Dress MET 69.2.1 front CP4.jpg
Empire dress, 1800–1805, cotton and linen, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Women's dresses in the 19th century began to be classified by the time of day or purpose of the dress. [30] High-waisted dresses were popular until around 1830. [30]

Early nineteenth century dresses in Russia were influenced by Classicism and were made of thin fabrics, with some semi-transparent. [31] Elizabeth Vigée Le Brun wore these types of dresses with a short skirt (reaching to her ankles) when she lived in Russia between 1785 and 1801 [31] and many Russian women copied her style. [31] By the 1840s, Russian women were turning to what was in fashion in Europe. [32]

Europeans styles in dresses increased dramatically to the hoopskirt and crinoline-supported styles of the 1860s, [33] then fullness was draped and drawn to the back. [34] Dresses had a "day" bodice with a high neckline and long sleeves, and an "evening" bodice with a low neckline (decollete) and very short sleeves. In Russia, metal hoopskirts were known as "malakhovs." [32] Skirts of the 1860s were heavily decorated. [34]

To sleep, women in the American West wore floor-length dresses of white cotton with high collars displaying decoration. [35] Various Native American people, such as the Navajo and the Mescalero Apache began to adapt the designs of their dresses to look more like the European Americans they came in contact with. [36] Navajo women further adapted the European designs, incorporating their own sense of beauty, "creating hózhó." [37]

Paper sewing patterns for women to sew their own dresses started to be readily available in the 1860s, when the Butterick Publishing Company began to promote them. [38] These patterns were graded by size, which was a new innovation. [39]

The Victorian era's dresses were tight-fitting and decorated with pleats, rouching and frills. [28] Women in the United States who were involved in dress reform in the 1850s found themselves the center of attention, both positive and negative. [40] By 1881, the Rational Dress Society had formed in reaction to the restrictive dress of the era. [28]

20th century

French afternoon dress, circa 1903, cotton and silk, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) Afternoon dress MET 49.46.17a-b front CP4.jpg
French afternoon dress, circa 1903, cotton and silk, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

In the early twentieth century, the look popularized by the Gibson Girl was fashionable. [41] The upper part of women's dresses in the Edwardian era included a "pigeon breast" look that gave way to a corseted waist and an s-shaped silhouette. [41] Women called their dresses "waists" if one-piece, or "shirtwaists," if it consisted of a skirt and a blouse. [42] The bodice of the dresses had a boned lining. [42] Informally, wealthy women wore tea gowns at home. [43] These garments were looser, though not as loose as a "wrapper," and made of expensive fabric and laces. [43]

By 1910, the Edwardian look was replaced with a straighter silhouette. [44] French designer, Paul Poiret, had a huge impact on the look of the time. [44] Designs developed by Poiret were available in both boutiques and also in department stores. [45] Popular dresses of the time were one-piece and included lingerie dresses which could be layered. [46] At around the same time, in the United States, the American Ladies Tailors' Association developed a dress called the suffragette suit, which was practical for women to work and move around in. [47] [48] Another innovation of the 1910s was the ready availability of factory-made clothing. [49]

Waistlines started out high and by 1915 were below the natural waist. [46] By 1920, waistlines were at hip-level. [46] Between 1910 and 1920 necklines were lower and dresses could be short-sleeved or sleeveless. [50] Women who worked during World War I preferred shorter dresses, which eventually became the dominant style overall. [24] In addition to the shorter dresses, waistlines were looser and the dominant colors were black, white and gray. [51]

By 1920, the "new woman" was a trend that saw lighter fabrics and dresses that were easier to put on. [52] Younger women were also setting the trends that older women started to follow. [52] The dresses of the 1920s could be pulled over the head, were short and straight. [53] It was acceptable to wear sleeveless dresses during the day. [53] Flapper dresses were popular until end of the decade. [54]

During World War II, dresses were slimmer and inspired by military uniforms. [28] After WWII, the New Look, promoted by Christian Dior was very influential on fashion and the look of women's dresses for about a decade. [55]

Since the 1970s, no one dress type or length has dominated fashion for long, with short and ankle-length styles often appearing side by side in fashion magazines and catalogs. [56]

Use

In most varieties of formal dress codes in Western cultures, a dress of an appropriate style is mandatory for women. They are also very popular for special occasions such as proms or weddings. [57] For such occasions they, together with blouse and skirt, remain the de facto standard attire for many girls and women.

Formal dress

In western countries, a "formal" or white tie dress code typically means tailcoats for men and full-length evening dresses with opera-length gloves for women. A most formal dress for women are full-length ball or evening gowns with evening gloves. Some white tie functions also request that the women wear long gloves past the elbow.

Basic dress

A basic dress is a usually dark-colored dress of simple design which can be worn with various accessories to suit different occasions. [58] Different kinds of jewelry, belts, scarves, and jackets can be worn with the basic dress to dress up or down. [59] A little black dress is an example of a basic dress.

Bodycon dress

Dresses in the 1930s. Sweden Vaxholm 1938.jpg
Dresses in the 1930s.
A promotional model in a bodycon dress. IMPORTEXPO IMG 5490 (5971779607).jpg
A promotional model in a bodycon dress.

A bodycon dress is a tight figure-hugging dress, often made from stretchy material. [60] The name derives from "body confidence" [61] or, originally, "body conscious", transformed into Japanese in the 1980s as "bodikon".

Party dress

A party dress designed by Paco Rabanne in 1967, as displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum. This was worn by Helen Bachofen von Echt at a New York party where she danced with Frank Sinatra. Rabanne.jpg
A party dress designed by Paco Rabanne in 1967, as displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum. This was worn by Helen Bachofen von Echt at a New York party where she danced with Frank Sinatra.

A party dress is a dress worn especially for a party. Different types of party such as children's party, cocktail party, garden party and costume party would tend to require different styles of dress. [63] [64] One classic style of party dress for women in modern society is the little black dress. [65]

Types of dresses

Time period

Lengths

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Victorian fashion</span> Fashions and trends in British culture during the Victorian era

Victorian fashion consists of the various fashions and trends in British culture that emerged and developed in the United Kingdom and the British Empire throughout the Victorian era, roughly from the 1830s through the 1890s. The period saw many changes in fashion, including changes in styles, fashion technology and the methods of distribution. Various movement in architecture, literature, and the decorative and visual arts as well as a changing perception of gender roles also influenced fashion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blouse</span> Garment for the upper body

A blouse is a loose-fitting upper garment that may be worn by workmen, peasants, artists, women, and children. It is typically gathered at the waist or hips so that it hangs loosely ("blouses") over the wearer's body. Today, the word most commonly refers to a girl's or woman's dress shirt, although there is considerable confusion between a true blouse and a women's shirt. It can also refer to a man's shirt if it is a loose-fitting style, though it rarely is. Traditionally, the term has been used to refer to a shirt which blouses out or has an unmistakably feminine appearance, although even many "standard" shirts today have a somewhat blousy fit, and the numbers of men wearing such shirts may match that of women wearing actual blouses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nightgown</span> Shirtlike garment intended for wear while sleeping most often used by women

A nightgown, nightie or nightdress is a loosely hanging item of nightwear, and is commonly worn by women and girls. A nightgown is made from cotton, silk, satin, or nylon and may be decorated with lace appliqués or embroidery at the bust and hem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petticoat</span> Skirt-like undergarment, sometimes intended to show, worn under a skirt or dress

A petticoat or underskirt is an article of clothing, a type of undergarment worn under a skirt or a dress. Its precise meaning varies over centuries and between countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1860s in Western fashion</span> Costume and fashion of the 1860s

1860s fashion in European and European-influenced countries is characterized by extremely full-skirted women's fashions relying on crinolines and hoops and the emergence of "alternative fashions" under the influence of the Artistic Dress movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1870s in Western fashion</span> Costume and fashion of the 1870s

1870s fashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by a gradual return to a narrow silhouette after the full-skirted fashions of the 1850s and 1860s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1830s in Western fashion</span> Costume and fashion of the 1830s

1830s fashion in Western and Western-influenced fashion is characterized by an emphasis on breadth, initially at the shoulder and later in the hips, in contrast to the narrower silhouettes that had predominated between 1800 and 1820.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bodice</span> Clothing for women and girls

A bodice is an article of clothing traditionally for women and girls, covering the torso from the neck to the waist. The term typically refers to a specific type of upper garment common in Europe during the 16th to the 18th century, or to the upper portion of a modern dress to distinguish it from the skirt and sleeves. The name bodice is etymologically an odd plural spelling of "body" and comes from an older garment called a pair of bodies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ball gown</span> Type of evening gown

A ball gown, ballgown or gown is a type of evening gown worn to a ball or a formal event. Most versions are cut off the shoulder with a low décolletage, exposed arms, and long bouffant styled skirts. Such gowns are typically worn with an opera-length white gloves, vintage jewelry or couture, and a stole, cape, or cloak in lieu of a coat. Where "state decorations" are to be worn, they are on a bow pinned to the chest, and married women wear a tiara if they have one. Although synthetic fabrics are now sometimes used, the most common fabrics are satin, silk, taffeta and velvet with trimmings of lace, pearls, sequins, embroidery, ruffles, ribbons, rosettes and ruching.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Evening gown</span> Womans dress usually worn to a semi-formal or formal affair

An evening gown, evening dress or gown is a long dress usually worn at formal occasions. The drop ranges from ballerina, tea, to full-length. Such gowns are typically worn with evening gloves. Evening gowns are usually made of luxurious fabrics such as chiffon, velvet, satin, or organza. Silk is a popular fibre for many evening gowns. Although the terms are used interchangeably, ball gowns and evening gowns differ in that a ball gown will always have a full skirt and a fitted bodice, while an evening gown can be any silhouette—sheath, mermaid, fit and flare, A-line, or trumpet-shaped—and may have straps, halters or even sleeves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teddy (garment)</span> Type of garment

A teddy, also called a camiknicker, is a garment which covers the torso and crotch in the one garment. It is a similar style of garment to a one-piece swimsuit or bodysuit, but is typically looser and sheerer. The garment is put on by stepping into the leg holes and pulling the garment up to cover the torso. It may cover the whole of the torso or partially and may also cover the arms. They may open at the crotch so that the wearer may use the bathroom without taking it completely off. As an undergarment, it combines the functions of a camisole and panties, and may be preferred to avoid a visible panty line. It is also found as lingerie.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1840s in Western fashion</span> Costume and fashion of the 1840s

1840s fashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by a narrow, natural shoulder line following the exaggerated puffed sleeves of the later 1820s and 1830s. The narrower shoulder was accompanied by a lower waistline for both men and women.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stomacher</span> Decorative panel to fill in the front opening of a dress or bodice

A stomacher is a decorated triangular panel that fills in the front opening of a woman's gown or bodice. The stomacher may be boned, as part of a stays, or may cover the triangular front of a corset. If simply decorative, the stomacher lies over the triangular front panel of the stays, being either stitched or pinned into place, or held in place by the lacings of the gown's bodice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1550–1600 in European fashion</span> Costume in the second half of the 16th century

Fashion in the period 1550–1600 in European clothing was characterized by increased opulence. Contrasting fabrics, slashes, embroidery, applied trims, and other forms of surface ornamentation remained prominent. The wide silhouette, conical for women with breadth at the hips and broadly square for men with width at the shoulders had reached its peak in the 1530s, and by mid-century a tall, narrow line with a V-lined waist was back in fashion. Sleeves and women's skirts then began to widen again, with emphasis at the shoulder that would continue into the next century. The characteristic garment of the period was the ruff, which began as a modest ruffle attached to the neckband of a shirt or smock and grew into a separate garment of fine linen, trimmed with lace, cutwork or embroidery, and shaped into crisp, precise folds with starch and heated irons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1750–1775 in Western fashion</span>

Fashion in the years 1750–1775 in European countries and the colonial Americas was characterised by greater abundance, elaboration and intricacy in clothing designs, loved by the Rococo artistic trends of the period. The French and English styles of fashion were very different from one another. French style was defined by elaborate court dress, colourful and rich in decoration, worn by such iconic fashion figures as Marie Antoinette.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1700–1750 in Western fashion</span> Clothing in Europe and areas under its influence from 1700-1750

Fashion in the period 1700–1750 in European and European-influenced countries is characterized by a widening silhouette for both men and women following the tall, narrow look of the 1680s and 90s. This era is defined as late Baroque/Rococo style. The new fashion trends introduced during this era had a greater impact on society, affecting not only royalty and aristocrats, but also middle and even lower classes. Clothing during this time can be characterized by soft pastels, light, airy, and asymmetrical designs, and playful styles. Wigs remained essential for men and women of substance, and were often white; natural hair was powdered to achieve the fashionable look. The costume of the eighteenth century, if lacking in the refinement and grace of earlier times, was distinctly quaint and picturesque.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1500–1550 in European fashion</span> Costume in the first half of the 16th century

Fashion in the period 1500–1550 in Europe is marked by very thick, big and voluminous clothing worn in an abundance of layers. Contrasting fabrics, slashes, embroidery, applied trims, and other forms of surface ornamentation became prominent. The tall, narrow lines of the late Medieval period were replaced with a wide silhouette, conical for women with breadth at the hips and broadly square for men with width at the shoulders. Sleeves were a center of attention, and were puffed, slashed, cuffed, and turned back to reveal contrasting linings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1775–1795 in Western fashion</span> Western fashion throughout the late 1700s

Fashion in the twenty years between 1775 and 1795 in Western culture became simpler and less elaborate. These changes were a result of emerging modern ideals of selfhood, the declining fashionability of highly elaborate Rococo styles, and the widespread embrace of the rationalistic or "classical" ideals of Enlightenment philosophes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Overskirt</span>

An overskirt is a type of women's short skirt which is draped over another garment, such as a skirt, breeches, or trousers. Although peplum is often used as another term for overskirt, it should not be confused with the peplos or "peplum dress", which was worn in ancient Greece.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mantua (Kimberley Hall)</span>

A mantua from the collection at Kimberley Hall in Norfolk is the earliest complete European women's costume in the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Also known as the Kimberley Gown, this formal dress is a mantua, a two-piece costume consisting of a draped open robe and a matching underskirt or petticoat, and has been dated to ca. 1690–1700.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Condra, Jill (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History: 1801 to the present. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN   9780313336652.
  2. 1 2 Davis, Michael (2007). Art of dress designing (1st ed.). Delhi: Global Media. ISBN   978-81-904575-7-6.
  3. ↑ "The definition of dress". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  4. 1 2 Picken 1957, p. 101.
  5. 1 2 3 Edwards 2017, p. 20.
  6. ↑ Cunningham 2003, p. 20.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Edwards 2017, p. 30.
  8. 1 2 Newman 2001, p. 113.
  9. ↑ Newman 2001, p. 114.
  10. 1 2 Edwards 2017, p. 21.
  11. 1 2 Bigelow 1970, p. 110.
  12. ↑ Edwards 2017, p. 23.
  13. ↑ Pushkareva 1997, p. 120.
  14. ↑ Edwards 2017, p. 34.
  15. ↑ Staples & Shaw 2013, p. 222.
  16. ↑ Havelin 2012, p. 27.
  17. ↑ Edwards 2017, p. 35.
  18. ↑ Bigelow 1970, p. 126.
  19. 1 2 Havelin 2012, p. 26.
  20. ↑ Bigelow 1970, p. 135.
  21. ↑ Bigelow 1970, p. 137.
  22. ↑ Edwards 2017, p. 49.
  23. ↑ Pietsch 2013, p. 400.
  24. 1 2 "Costume". Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia . 2017 – via EBSCOhost.
  25. 1 2 "A Colonial Lady's Clothing: A Glossary of Terms". Colonial Williamsburg. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
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  27. ↑ Delpierre 1997, p. 15-16.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 "A Brief History of Women's Fashion". Makers. 7 September 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
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  30. 1 2 Bigelow 1970, p. 183.
  31. 1 2 3 Pushkareva 1997, p. 242.
  32. 1 2 Pushkareva 1997, p. 244.
  33. ↑ Krohn 2012, p. 36.
  34. 1 2 Bigelow 1970, p. 188.
  35. ↑ Krohn 2012, p. 37.
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  41. 1 2 Darnell 2000, p. 9.
  42. 1 2 Darnell 2000, p. 11.
  43. 1 2 Darnell 2000, p. 13.
  44. 1 2 Darnell 2000, p. 49.
  45. ↑ Darnell 2000, p. 50.
  46. 1 2 3 Darnell 2000, p. 53.
  47. ↑ Greenberg, Molly (1 March 2017). "100 Years of Feminist History Explained in 10 Women's Work Suits". UNC. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  48. ↑ Khan, Sarah (16 November 2016). "The fascinating history and evolution of the female pantsuit". Marie France Asia. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  49. ↑ Richards 2010, p. 100.
  50. ↑ Darnell 2000, p. 57.
  51. ↑ Richards 2010, p. 100-101.
  52. 1 2 Darnell 2000, p. 73.
  53. 1 2 Darnell 2000, p. 77.
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  55. ↑ Parezo & Jones 2009, p. 383.
  56. ↑ "The History of Hemlines". Women's History Network. 1 September 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  57. ↑ Pundir, Nirupama (2007). Fashion technology: today and tomorrow. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. ISBN   978-81-8324-203-5.
  58. ↑ "Definition of "basic dress"" . Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  59. ↑ Janssen, Jo Ann; Ellis, Gwen (2003). Dress Like a Million Bucks Without Spending It! . Fleming H. Revell Company. ISBN   978-0800758325.
  60. ↑ Martin, Tracy (2014). The Little Black Dress: How to dress perfectly for any occasion. Ryland Peters & Small. ISBN   9781782490210.
  61. ↑ Narumi, Hiroshi. "Street Style and Its Meaning in Postwar Japan" Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture, Volume 14, Number 4, December 2010, pp. 415–438 (24). doi : 10.2752/175174110X12792058833816.
  62. ↑ "Dress Paco Rabanne 1967", Out of London, Paris, New York 1965–1968, V&A
  63. ↑ Alexandra Black (2007), The Party Dress, Scriptum Editions, ISBN   978-1-902686-59-2
  64. ↑ Nora Villa (1996), Children in Their Party Dress, Quite Specific Media Group, Limited, ISBN   978-0-89676-202-2
  65. ↑ Amy Holman Edelman (1998), The little black dress, Aurum, ISBN   978-1-85410-604-9
  66. 1 2 3 4 5 The Vogue Sewing Book . Vogue Patterns. 1975. p.  337.
  67. ↑ Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C.W.; Cunnington, P.E. (2010). The dictionary of fashion history (Rev., updated and supplemented [ed.]. ed.). Oxford: Berg. p. 130. ISBN   9780857851437.
  68. ↑ Delamore, Philip (29 March 2007). "Mini and Midi". The Wedding Dress: A Visual Sourcebook of Over 200 of the Most Beautiful Gowns Ever Made. Pavilion Books. p. 122. ISBN   9781862057647.
  69. ↑ Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C. W.; Cunnington, P. E. (September 2010). The Dictionary of Fashion History. Berg. ISBN   9781847887382.

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