Farancia erytrogramma

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Farancia erytrogramma
Farancia erytrogramma (rainbow snake).jpg
HI erytrogramma (rainbow snake) photographed in March of 2018 in North Carolina, posed to show ventral coloration
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Genus: Farancia
Species:
F. erytrogramma
Binomial name
Farancia erytrogramma
Synonyms [2]

Farancia erytrogramma (also known commonly as the rainbow snake, and less frequently as the eel moccasin) is a species of large, nonvenomous, highly aquatic, colubrid snake, which is endemic to coastal plains of the southeastern United States. Two subspecies are recognized as being valid, one of which has been declared extinct.

Contents

Etymology

The specific name, erytrogramma, is derived from the Greek words ερυθρóς (erythros), meaning "red," and γράμμα (gramma), meaning "letter/word" but in this case probably the author means γραμμή (grammi) meaning "line/stripe".

Common names

Other common names for F. erytrogramma include horn snake, red-lined snake, red-lined horned snake, red-sided snake, sand hog, sand snake, and striped wampum. [3]

Description

Dorsally, rainbow snakes have smooth, glossy bluish-black back scales, with three red stripes. They have short tails, with a spiny tip which they sometimes use as a probe. Adults may show yellow coloration along the sides and on the head.

They usually grow to a total length (including tail) of 36-48 inches (91–122 cm), although some specimens have been recorded up to 66 inches (168 cm) in total length. [4] Females are larger than males.

Behavior

Rainbow snakes are rarely seen due to their secretive habits. They spend most of their lives in the water, hiding in aquatic vegetation or other forms of cover. They are strong swimmers, and also know how to burrow into mud and sand. Rainbow snakes are not aggressive when captured, and do not bite their captors.

In New Kent County, Virginia, they are abundant in sandy fields near the Chickahominy River, and great numbers are turned up by plows in the spring. [5]

Diet

Rainbow snakes subsist mainly on eels, but also prey on fish, earthworms, small frogs, tadpoles, and salamanders. They eat their prey alive, usually swallowing them head first.

Reproduction

Adult female rainbow snakes usually lay their eggs in July, leaving them underground in sandy soil. A clutch consists of around 20 eggs on average, but large females may lay over 50. The young are hatched in late summer or fall.

Habitat

Rainbow snakes are found in aquatic habitats ranging from cypress swamps and marshes to blackwater creeks, slow-moving streams, and sandy coastal plain.

Geographic range

F. erytrogramma is found from southern Maryland to southeastern Louisiana, including eastern Virginia, southeastern North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, northern Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. A small population once inhabited the Lake Okeechobee region in southern Florida, but was declared extinct on October 5, 2011. [6] One was seen at the Ocala National Forest, in Marion County, in early 2020 and the sighting was confirmed by the National Museum of Florida as the first in 50 years at this location. [7]

Subspecies

There are two recognized subspecies of F. erytrogramma:

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References

  1. Hammerson, G.A. (2007). "Farancia erytrogramma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2007: e.T63780A12707838. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63780A12707838.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. "Farancia erytrogramma ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  3. Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). (Abastor erythrogrammus, pp. 82-87, Map 10, Figure 26).
  4. Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. ISBN   0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN   0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Farancia erytrogramma, p. 177 + Plate 25 + Map 137).
  5. Richmond, Neil D. (1945). "The Habits of the Rainbow Snake in Virginia". Copeia1945 (1): 28-30.
  6. 1 2 Curry, Tierra (2011). "Two Florida Species Declared Extinct". Center for Biological Diversity. BiologicalDiversity.com. October 5, 2011.
  7. "A rare rainbow snake was spotted in a Florida forest for the first time in 50 years. Don't worry, it's harmless". CNN . 22 February 2020.

Further reading