Antisemitism is hostility to,prejudice towards,or discrimination against Jews. This sentiment is a form of racism,and a person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Primarily,antisemitic tendencies may be motivated by negative sentiment towards Jews as a people or by negative sentiment towards Jews with regard to Judaism. In the former case,usually presented as racial antisemitism,a person's hostility is driven by the belief that Jews constitute a distinct race with inherent traits or characteristics that are repulsive or inferior to the preferred traits or characteristics within that person's society. In the latter case,known as religious antisemitism,a person's hostility is driven by their religion's perception of Jews and Judaism,typically encompassing doctrines of supersession that expect or demand Jews to turn away from Judaism and submit to the religion presenting itself as Judaism's successor faith—this is a common theme within the other Abrahamic religions. The development of racial and religious antisemitism has historically been encouraged by the concept of anti-Judaism,which is distinct from antisemitism itself.
A number of organizations and academics consider the Nation of Islam (NOI) to be antisemitic. The NOI has engaged in Holocaust denial,and exaggerates the role of Jews in the African slave trade;mainstream historians,such as Saul S. Friedman,have said Jews had a negligible role. The NOI has repeatedly rejected charges made against it as false and politically motivated.
Deborah Esther Lipstadt is an American historian and diplomat,best known as author of the books Denying the Holocaust (1993),History on Trial:My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier (2005),The Eichmann Trial (2011),and Antisemitism:Here and Now (2019). She has served as the United States Special Envoy for Monitoring and Combating Anti-Semitism since May 3,2022. Since 1993 she has been the Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish History and Holocaust Studies at Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,US.
New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of antisemitism developed in the late 20th and early 21st centuries,typically manifesting itself as anti-Zionism. The concept is included in some definitions of antisemitism,such as the working definition of antisemitism and the 3D test of antisemitism. The concept dates to the early 1970s.
Abraham Henry Foxman is an American lawyer and activist. He served as the national director of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) from 1987 to 2015,and is currently the League's national director emeritus. From 2016 to 2021 he served as vice chair of the board of trustees at the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York City in order to lead its efforts on antisemitism.
The history of Jews in Sweden can be traced from the 17th century,when their presence is verified in the baptism records of the Stockholm Cathedral. Several Jewish families were baptised into the Lutheran Church,a requirement for permission to settle in Sweden. In 1681,for example,28 members of the families of Israel Mandel and Moses Jacob were baptised in the Stockholm German Church in the presence of King Charles XI of Sweden,the dowager queen Hedvig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp,and several other high state officials.
Antisemitic tropes or antisemitic canards are "sensational reports,misrepresentations,or fabrications" that are defamatory towards Judaism as a religion or defamatory towards Jews as an ethnic or religious group. Since as early as the 2nd century,libels or allegations of Jewish guilt and cruelty emerged as a recurring motif along with antisemitic conspiracy theories.
Antisemitism has long existed in the United States. Most Jewish community relations agencies in the United States draw distinctions between antisemitism,which is measured in terms of attitudes and behaviors,and the security and status of American Jews,which are both measured by the occurrence of specific incidents.
Antisemitic incidents escalated worldwide in frequency and intensity during the Gaza War,and were widely considered to be a wave of reprisal attacks in response to the conflict.
The Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism is an office of the Under Secretary for Civilian Security,Democracy,and Human Rights at the United States Department of State. The office "advances U.S. foreign policy on antisemitism" by developing and implementing policies and projects to support efforts to combat antisemitism.
Defamation is a 2009 documentary film by Israeli filmmaker Yoav Shamir. It examines antisemitism,the way perceptions of antisemitism affect Israeli and U.S. politics,and explores the suggestion that claims of antisemitism are exaggerated or weaponized to stifle dissent against Israel. A major focus of the film is the Anti-Defamation League. Defamation won Best Documentary Feature Film at the 2009 Asia Pacific Screen Awards.
The Anti-Defamation League (ADL),formerly known as the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith,is a New York–based international Jewish non-governmental organization and advocacy group.
The Jewish community in Sweden has been prevalent since the 18th century. Today Sweden has a Jewish community of around 20,000,which makes it the 7th largest in the European Union. Antisemitism in historical Sweden primarily manifested as the confiscation of property,restrictions on movement and employment,and forced conversion to Christianity. Antisemitism in present-day Sweden is mainly perpetrated by far-right politicians,neo-Nazis,and Islamists.
Criticism of Israel is a subject of journalistic and scholarly commentary and research within the scope of international relations theory,expressed in terms of political science. Israel has faced international criticism since its declaration of independence in 1948 relating to a variety of issues,many of which are centered around human rights violations in its occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
Ilmar Reepalu is a Swedish Social Democrat politician who was the 17th chairman of the municipal board in Malmöfrom 1994 to 2013.
Antisemitism in France has become heightened since the late 20th century and into the 21st century. In the early 21st century,most Jews in France,like most Muslims in France,are of North African origin. France has the largest population of Jews in the diaspora after the United States—an estimated 500,000–600,000 persons. Paris has the highest population,followed by Marseilles,which has 70,000 Jews. Expressions of antisemitism were seen to rise during the Six-Day War of 1967 and the French anti-Zionist campaign of the 1970s and 1980s. Following the electoral successes achieved by the extreme right-wing National Front and an increasing denial of the Holocaust among some persons in the 1990s,surveys showed an increase in stereotypical antisemitic beliefs among the general French population.
The "three Ds" or the "3D test" of antisemitism is a set of criteria formulated by Israeli human rights advocate and politician Natan Sharansky in order to distinguish legitimate criticism of Israel from antisemitism. The three Ds stand for delegitimization,demonization,and double standards,each of which,according to the test,indicates antisemitism.
Since World War II,antisemitic prejudice in Italy has seldom taken on aggressive forms.
Antisemitism in Greece manifests itself in religious,political and media discourse. The 2009–2018 Greek government-debt crisis has facilitated the rise of far right groups in Greece,most notably the formerly obscure Golden Dawn.
Gregg J. Rickman is an American Republican Party official and Congressional staffer. During the 1990s,he was the lead staff member of the U.S. Senate's Swiss bank inquiry. During the George W. Bush Administration,Rickman served as the inaugural U.S. Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism from 2006 to 2009.
