List of names of the Ottoman Empire

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The Ottoman Empire, which began as an Anatolian beylik and became an empire through expansion, has been known historically by different names at different periods and in various languages. This page surveys the history of these names and their usage.

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The Ottomans called their state Devlet-i Aliyye (lit. 'The Exalted State') since its establishment. During the Tanzimat period, the suffix "Osmaniyye" (Dynasty of Osman) was added to this name. [1] So the empire was then referred to as Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿOsmānīye (دولت عليه عثمانیه), lit. 'Sublime Ottoman State', or simply Devlet-i ʿOsmānīye (دولت عثمانيه‎), lit. 'Ottoman State'.

Moreover, after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, Ottoman sultans laid claim to be the legitimate Roman emperors, in succession to the Byzantine emperors who had previously ruled from Constantinople. Based on the concept of right of conquest, the sultans at times assumed the styles kayser-i Rûm (" Caesar of Rome", one of the titles applied to the Byzantine emperors in earlier Ottoman writings) and basileus (the ruling title of the Byzantine emperors). Although the claim to Roman imperial succession never formally stopped and titles such as kayser-i Rûm and basileus were never formally abandoned, the claim gradually faded away and ceased to be stressed by the sultans. Meanwhile, Ottoman rulers claimed caliphal authority after the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by sultan Selim I in 1517, which bestowed the title of Defender of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina upon him and strengthened the Ottoman claim to caliphate in the Muslim world. Later, Ottomans referred to their state as "Turkistan" (Türkistan) in official records since at least the mid-19th century. [2] For example, in the official Turkish edition of the Treaty of Paris (1856) Sultan Abdulmejid I used both the terms "Devlet-i Aliyye" and "Sultan of Turkistan". [3]

Bizki bilutfulmevla Türkistan ve şamil olduğu memalik ve büldanın Padişahı, essultan ibnussultan essultanülgazi Abdülmecid Han ibnussultanülgazi Mahmud Han ibnussultanülgazi Abdülhamid Hanız, işbu tasdikname-i hümayunumuzla beyan ve ilan ederizki Devlet-i Aliyem ve müttefik-i müfahhamları olan Fransa ve İngiltere ve Sardinya devletleri ile Rusya devleti beyninde bir müddettenberi zuhura gelen ihtilaf ve muavedatın...

(By the grace of God, we are the Sultan of Turkistan and the kingdoms and regions over which it reigns, the Sultan, son of Sultan, Ghazi Sultan Abdülmecid Han, Ghazi Sultan Mahmud Khan, son of Sultan, Ghazi Sultan Abdulhamid Khan, son of Sultan, and we declare with this imperial ratification. We, declare that the conflict and hostility that has been going on for a while between My Supreme State (Devlet-i Aliyye) and its respected allies, France, England and Sardinia, and the Russian state...)

In different languages

In diplomatic circles, the Ottoman government was often referred to as the "Porte" or the "Sublime Porte," a literal translation of the Ottoman Turkish Bâb-ı Âlî, which was the only gate of Topkapı Palace open to foreigners and the location where the Sultan and his viziers greeted ambassadors.

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References

  1. ↑ "Bilen bilmeyen herkes konuşuyor! Osmanlı Devleti'nin resmî adı 'DEVLET-İ ALİYYE'dir". Habertürk (in Turkish). 18 January 2015. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  2. ↑ "A study into the concepts of "Turkey" and "Turkistan" which were used for the Ottoman state in the XIXth century".
  3. ↑ "Treaty of Paris (30 March 1856) original Turkish version transferred by Türk Tarih Kurumu from Arabic alphabet to Latin alphabet" (PDF). Türk Tarih Kurumu (in Turkish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023. Bizki bilutfulmevla Türkistan ve şamil olduğu memalik ve büldanın Padişahı essultan ibnussultan essultanülgazi Abdülmecid Han ibnussultanülgazi Mahmud Han ibnussultanülgazi Abdülhamid Hanız...
  4. ↑ K.H. Karpat, "Historical continuity and identity change or How to be modern Muslim, Ottoman, and Turk", in: K.H. Karpat (ed.), Ottoman past and today's Turkey (2000), 1-28, esp. 20; G. Ágoston & B.A. Masters, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire (2009), 574.
  5. ↑ O. Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK Archived 2012-01-22 at the Wayback Machine )
  6. ↑ "Osmanska riket - Uppslagsverk - NE.se".
  7. ↑ Новаковић, Стојан (1906). Турско царство пред српски устанак 1780-1804 (in Serbian). Београд: Српска књижевна задруга.

Historic maps using the alternative names of the Ottoman Empire

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