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The combination of topographic and climatic factors in the Tulsa, Oklahoma area have frequently caused major flash flooding, especially near streams that normally drain the area. The city was founded atop a bluff on the Arkansas River. Thus, elevation protected most of the inhabitants and their possessions from damage when the river flooded. However, by the turn of the 20th century the population growth had moved closer to the river, and the flatlands west of the Arkansas had begun to develop as well. The floods typically caused widespread property damage and sometimes death. By the 1920s, seasonal floods of the Arkansas began to cause serious damage and loss of life. Since its founding, city leaders had responded to such events by simply rebuilding and replacing the property that had been destroyed in situ. Not until 1970 did the city government begin developing strategies to mitigate floods or at least minimize property damage and prevent loss of life. This article describes some of the more notable floods in Tulsa, then the mitigation and control strategies that evolved from them.
The Insurance Capital Standards Clarification Act of 2014 is a United States bill that would amend the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act to "clarify the application of certain leverage and risk-based requirements".
References
- 1 2 Haddow, George D. and Jane A. Bullock, 2003, Introduction to Emergency Management, Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 0-7506-7689-2
- ↑ 82 Stat. 572, Pub. L. Tooltip Public Law (United States) 90–448
- ↑ Wright, James M., The Nation's Response to Flood Disasters: A Historical Account. 1 April 2000.
- ↑ Thomas L., Hayes; Randall A., Jacobson (November 30, 2001). "Actuarial Rate Review, National Flood Insurance Program" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2006.
- 1 2 3 Ferraro, Thomas (30 January 2014). "U.S. Senate passes bill to delay hikes in flood insurance rates". Reuters. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 Uhlenbrock, Kristan (31 January 2014). "Despite Hazard of Sea Level Rise, Senate Halts Flood Insurance Reforms". ThinkProgress. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 hanscom, Greg (13 January 2014). "Flood pressure: Climate disasters drown FEMA's insurance plans". Grist. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- ↑ "S. 1926 – Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- 1 2 "H.R. 3370 – Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
