Planthopper

Last updated

Contents

Planthopper
Temporal range: Carboniferous–Recent
Flatid leaf bugs and nymphs (Phromnia rosea).jpg
Flatida rosea (Flatidae)
adults and nymphs
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
Evans, 1946
Families

See text

A planthopper is any insect in the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, [1] in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, [2] a group exceeding 12,500 described species worldwide. The name comes from their remarkable resemblance to leaves and other plants of their environment and that they often "hop" for quick transportation in a similar way to that of grasshoppers. However, planthoppers generally walk very slowly. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, though few are considered pests. The infraorder contains 2 superfamily, Fulgoroidea and Delphacoidea. Fulgoroids are most reliably distinguished from the other Auchenorrhyncha by two features; the bifurcate (Y-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped second segment (pedicel) that bears a fine filamentous arista.

Overview

Planthoppers are laterally flattened and hold their broad wings vertically, in a tent-like fashion, concealing the sides of the body and part of the legs. [3] Nymphs of many fulgoroids produce wax from special glands on the abdominal terga and other parts of the body. These are hydrophobic and help conceal the insects. Adult females of many families also produce wax which may be used to protect eggs. [4]

Planthopper (Fulgoridae: Pterodictya reticularis) with abdominal filaments of ketoester wax Flickr - ggallice - Wax-tail hopper (1).jpg
Planthopper (Fulgoridae: Pterodictya reticularis) with abdominal filaments of ketoester wax

Fulgoroid nymphs also possess a biological gear mechanism at the base of the hind legs, which keeps the legs in synchrony when the insects jump. The gears, not present in the adults, were known for decades [5] before the recent description of their function. [6]

Planthoppers are often vectors for plant diseases, especially phytoplasmas which live in the phloem of plants and can be transmitted by planthoppers when feeding. [7]

A number of extinct members of Fulgoroidea are known from the fossil record, such as the Lutetian-age Emiliana from the Green River Formation (Eocene) in Colorado. [8]

Both planthopper adults and nymphs feed by sucking sap from plants; in so doing, the nymphs produce copious quantities of honeydew, on which sooty mould often grows. [3] One species considered to be a pest is Haplaxius crudus , which is a vector for lethal yellowing, a palm disease that nearly killed off the Jamaican Tall coconut variety. [9]

Classification

As mentioned under Auchenorrhyncha, some authors use the name Archaeorrhyncha as a replacement for the Fulgoromorpha.

The extant families of Fulgoroidea are: [4]

And the Delphacidea contains the following extant families:

Extinct families include:

Notes

  1. ↑ Evans, J. W. (1946). "A natural classification of leaf-hoppers (Jassoidea, Homoptera). Part 1. External morphology and systematic position". Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 96 (3): 47–60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1946.tb00442.x.
  2. ↑ Song, N.; Liang, A.-P.; Bu, C.-P. (2012). "A Molecular Phylogeny of Hemiptera Inferred from Mitochondrial Genome Sequences". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e48778. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748778S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048778 . PMC   3493603 . PMID   23144967.
  3. 1 2 Boggs, Joe (14 June 2016). "Planthoppers". Bug Bytes. Ohio State University Extension. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  4. 1 2 Dietrich, C. H. (2009). "Auchenorrhyncha: (Cicadas, Spittlebugs, Leafhoppers, Treehoppers, and Planthoppers)". In Resh, V. H.; Carde, R. T. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Insects (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 56–64. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374144-8.00015-1. ISBN   978-0-12-374144-8.
  5. ↑ Sander, K. (1957). "Bau und Funktion des Sprungapparates von Pyrilla perpusilla Walker (Homoptera – Fulgoridae)". Zoologische Jahrbücher: Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere. 75: 383–388.
  6. ↑ Burrows, M.; Sutton, G. (2013). "Interacting Gears Synchronize Propulsive Leg Movements in a Jumping Insect". Science. 341 (6151): 1254–1256. Bibcode:2013Sci...341.1254B. doi:10.1126/science.1240284. hdl: 1983/69cf1502-217a-4dca-a0d3-f8b247794e92 . PMID   24031019. S2CID   24640726.
  7. ↑ Lee, I.-M.; Davis, R. E.; Gundersen-Rindal, D. E. (2000). "Phytoplasma: Phytopathogenic Mollicutes". Annual Review of Microbiology. 54 (1): 221–255. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.221. PMID   11018129.
  8. ↑ Shcherbakov, D. (2006). "The earliest find of Tropiduchidae (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha), representing a new tribe, from the Eocene of Green River, USA, with notes on the fossil record of higher Fulgoroidea" (PDF). Russian Entomological Journal. 15 (3): 315–322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-02.
  9. ↑ Brown, S. E.; Been, B. O.; McLaughlin, W. A. (2006). "Detection and variability of the lethal yellowing group (16Sr IV) phytoplasmas in the Cedusa sp. (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Derbidae) in Jamaica". Annals of Applied Biology. 149 (1): 53–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00072.x .

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auchenorrhyncha</span> Suborder of insects

The Auchenorrhyncha suborder of the Hemiptera contains most of the familiar members of what was called the "Homoptera" – groups such as cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, and spittlebugs. The aphids and scale insects are the other well-known "Homoptera", and they are in the suborder Sternorrhyncha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cixiidae</span> Family of true bugs

The Cixiidae are a family of fulgoroid insects, one of many families commonly known as planthoppers, distributed worldwide and comprising more than 2,000 species from over 150 genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurybrachidae</span> Family of true bugs

Eurybrachidae is a small family of planthoppers with species occurring in parts of Asia, Australia and Africa. They are remarkable for the sophistication of their automimicry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ricaniidae</span> Family of true bugs

Ricaniidae is a family of planthopper insects, containing over 400 species worldwide. The highest diversity is in tropical Africa and Asia and in Australia, with a few species occurring in the Palearctic and Neotropical realms. It is one of the smaller families in the planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dictyopharidae</span> Family of planthoppers

Dictyopharidae is a family of planthoppers, related to the Fulgoridae. The family comprises nearly 760 species in more than 150 genera which are grouped into two subfamilies, Dictyopharinae and Orgeriinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flatidae</span> Family of planthoppers

Flatidae are a family of fulgoroid planthoppers. They are cosmopolitan in distribution and are distinguished from others in the superfamily by a combination of characters. Like all other planthoppers, they suck phloem sap of plants. Some species are known to communicate with vibrations through the plant stems. Communication may be with mates, or with ants that tend the nymphs, protecting them and gathering honeydew secretions. Adults of some species have brightly coloured forewings which are tougher and known as tegmina unlike the membranous hindwings which are used for flight. Although a few can be identified by their coloration, most species requires dissection and examination under a microscope with access to literature on already described species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Issidae</span> Family of planthoppers

Issidae is a family of planthoppers described by Spinola in 1839, belonging to the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha superfamily Fulgoroidea.

Emiliana is an extinct genus of planthopper in the Tropiduchidae tribe Emilianini and containing the single species Emiliana alexandri. The species is known only from the Middle Eocene Parachute Member, part of the Green River Formation, in the Piceance Creek Basin, Garfield County, northwestern Colorado, USA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nogodinidae</span> Family of true bugs

Nogodinidae is a family of planthoppers. They have membranous wings with delicate venation and can be confused with members of other Fulgoroid families such as the Issidae and Tropiduchidae. Some authors treat it as a subfamily of the Issidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cixiinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Cixiinae is a planthopper subfamily in the family Cixiidae. It is one of three such subfamilies, the other two being the Bothriocerinae and the Borystheninae. While a few species had been tested in a larger study of the Fulgoroidea, neither the Cixiinae nor its tribes were analysed cladistically until 2002. Resolution of tribal relationships is incomplete and additional testing of the tribes with samples larger than one per tribe is needed.

<i>Bythopsyrna circulata</i> Species of true bug

Bythopsyrna circulata is a species of Asian planthoppers belonging to the family Flatidae.

<i>Dichoptera</i> Genus of planthoppers

Dichoptera is a genus of planthoppers found in tropical Asia. They were formerly placed in the family Dictyopharidae but are now considered members of the family Fulgoridae.

<i>Flatormenis</i> Genus of planthoppers

Flatormenis is a genus of flatid planthoppers in the family Flatidae from North and central America. There are about 15 described species in Flatormenis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Achilidae</span> Family of true bugs

Achilidae is a family of planthoppers, sometimes called "achilids" in the order Hemiptera. There are at least 520 described species in Achilidae.

<i>Ormenaria</i> Genus of planthoppers

Ormenaria is a genus of flatid planthoppers in the family Flatidae. There are at least two described species in Ormenaria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropiduchinae</span> Subfamily of true bugs

Tropiduchinae is a subfamily of tropiduchid planthoppers in the family Tropiduchidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mimarachnidae</span> Extinct family of true bugs

Mimarachnidae is an extinct family of planthoppers known from the Cretaceous period. Their name is derived from spots on the wings of the first described genera, Mimarachne and Saltissus, being suggestive of spider mimicry, but these characters are not distinctive for the family as a whole. The family is characterised by "simplified venation and setigerous metatibial pecten and hind leg armature". as well as "rounded anterior margin of pronotum, double carination of pronotum and mesonotum"

Perforissidae is an extinct family of planthoppers. They are considered to belong to the group of "Cixiidae-like" planthoppers. Species are known from the Early to Late Cretaceous of Eurasia, North America and South America. The family was named by Shcherbakov in 2007

Fulgoridiidae are an extinct family of Mesozoic planthoppers. They are the earliest group of planthoppers known, and appear to be a paraphyletic assemblage ancestral to living planthoppers. The majority of known members of the family lived in the Jurassic period, though the group also includes one Cretaceous taxon. All currently known species are from Eurasia.

<i>Florissantia elegans</i> Extinct species of true bug

Florissantia is an extinct monotypic genus of planthopper in the dictyopharid subfamily Dictyopharinae. The single species, Florissantia elegans, was described by Samuel Hubbard Scudder (1890) from fossils found in the Florissant Formation of Colorado.

References

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.