Prunus rivularis

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Prunus rivularis
Creek plum22.png
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Prunus
Subgenus: Prunus subg. Prunus
Section: Prunus sect. Prunocerasus
Species:
P. rivularis
Binomial name
Prunus rivularis
Prunus rivularis range map 2.png
Natural range (Prunus munsoniana)
Synonyms [1]
  • Prunus munsonianaW.Wight & Hedrick
  • Prunus pygmaMunson
  • Prunus reverchoniiSarg.
  • Prunus tawakoniaLindh. ex A.Gray [lower-alpha 1]

Prunus rivularis, known variously by the common names creek plum, [1] hog plum, [1] or wild-goose plum [1] is a thicket-forming shrub. It prefers calcareous clay soil or limestone-based woodland soils. This deciduous plant belongs to the rose family, Rosaceae, and is found mainly in the central United States. It is a shrub consisting of slender stems with umbel clusters of white blossoms. The fruit is a drupe that resembles a large berry; though it has a bitter taste, it serves as a source of food for birds and other wildlife. "Prunus" is Latin for plum, whereas "rivularis" means being near a stream. [3]

Contents

Description

The leaves are simple and alternately arranged along the stems. The general shape of the leaf ranges between elliptic and ovate and is gauged out to be 5–6 centimeters (2–2+14 inches) long and 2–3 cm (341+14 in) wide. The base shape of the leaf is considered cuneate while the apex is acuminate. The margin or edges is described as serrate; usually with 10–11 teeth per centimeter. [4]

Flowers of this plant usually blossom around March to April. The inflorescence type is considered a raceme, where there are flower spikes from stalks that pawn out from the stem. The flowers themselves stretch in entirety to 12–16 millimeters (1258 in). They occur in clusters of 2 to 8 on leaf axils. The pedicels on which the flowers are attached measure to 15–16 mm. They have a green and glabrous surface. [4] The glabrous hypanthium is considered the floral tube. P. rivularis is defined as a perigynous plant. The hypanthium's length and width is measured out to be 2 to 2.5 mm, respectively. [4] The calyx lobes, or sepals of a flower, are found in a cluster of 5. The sepal has an oblong leaf shape and is measured 2 millimeters. The apex has a flat tip or truncate shape. There is a sugar-producing gland at the tip in which the leaves cup around. The margins are ciliate and the sides are pubescent. [4] There are 5 white petals that are measured with a length of 5 mm. The petal margins are cupped and have an undulated (wavy) shape. There are on average of 20 stamen; the filaments are long and slender, 4–6 mm long while the anthers have a yellowish tint. The stamen is planted on the base of the hypanthium where the ovary is placed in the superior position. The ovary has a dark green hue and is measured 1–1.5 mm long while the style is white and is measured 5–6 mm long. [4]

The fruit ripens in late July. It is a drupe with a stony endocarp, fleshy mesocarp and soft exocarp. [5] They can appear alone or in a cluster of 2 or 3 other fruits. The pedicel that stems from the fruit is slender and glabrous, measured to be 13–16 mm long. [4] The fruit shape is globular and has an orangeish-reddish tint. It is 17–22 mm long as it is wide. [4] It has a very juicy mesocarp, though it is quite bitter in taste. The endocarp is 9–11 mm wide and 13–15 mm thick. [4]

Distribution and habitat

Prunus rivularis is native to the United States; found in California, Arkansas, southern Illinois, south-eastern Kansas, Kentucky, northern Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, southwestern Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. [1] It can be found in a variety of places in nature: places like creeksides, wooden canyons, bottom of valleys and flooded plains. [6] [7] This plant grows on limestone-based woodland or sandy soil. The moisture of the soil can vary between dry and moist, though the soil has to be well drained. (In other words, water is readily removed from the soil). The preferred pH is slightly more alkaline (greater than 7.2). It is hardy to levels of 6–9 because of its varied distribution. [6] This implies that the USDA zones, or geographically designated zones of temperature of which plants can grow under, are found in the southern U.S. [8] The temperature ranges between −10 and 30 °F (−23 and −1 °C). Because of the range of dispersion, the amount of precipitation this plant can experience is anywhere from 610 to 1,220 mm (24 to 48 in) per year. [6]

Ecology

P. rivularis is considered perennial, in which it can survive for more than two or more years. The fruits produced are usually consumed by birds and other mammals. The flowers are known to attract insects such as butterflies and bees. [6]

Medicinal

All members of the genus Prunus contain amygdalin and prunasin. These compounds are found in leaves and seeds. These substances can form hydrogen cyanide through subsequent reactions in water. [9]

Uses

The leaves can be used to produce dyes ranging from green to dark gray. [9]

The fruit was eaten by American Indians in Texas. [10]

Notes

  1. This Prunus tawakonia synonym exists only because Asa Gray chose to mention Lindheimer's suggestion for the epithet while accepting Scheele's. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drupe</span> Fleshy fruit with hard inner layer (endocarp or stone) surrounding the seed

In botany, a drupe is an indehiscent type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part surrounds a single shell of hardened endocarp with a seed (kernel) inside. These fruits usually develop from a single carpel, and mostly from flowers with superior ovaries.

<i>Prunus</i> Genus of trees and shrubs

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pome</span> Fruit with apple-like features

In botany, a pome is a type of fruit produced by flowering plants in the subtribe Malinae of the family Rosaceae. Pome fruits consist of a central "core" containing multiple small seeds, which is enveloped by a tough membrane and surrounded by an edible layer of flesh. Pome fruit trees are deciduous, and undergo a dormant winter period that requires cold temperatures to break dormancy in spring. Well-known pomes include the apple, pear, and quince.

<i>Prunus cerasifera</i> Species of plum

Prunus cerasifera is a species of plum known by the common names cherry plum and myrobalan plum. It is native to Southeast Europe and Western Asia, and is naturalised in the British Isles and scattered locations in North America. Also naturalized in parts of SE Australia where it is considered to be a mildly invasive weed of bushland near urban centers.

<i>Mimosa nuttallii</i> Species of plant

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<i>Prunus subcordata</i> Species of tree

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<i>Oemleria</i> Species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae

Oemleria cerasiformis, a shrub commonly known as osoberry or Indian plum, is the sole species in genus Oemleria.

<i>Prunus nigra</i> Species of tree

Prunus nigra, the Canada plum, Canadian plum, or black plum, is a species of Prunus native to eastern North America.

<i>Prunus americana</i> Species of tree

Prunus americana, commonly called the American plum, wild plum, or Marshall's large yellow sweet plum, is a species of Prunus native to North America from Saskatchewan and Idaho south to New Mexico and east to Québec, Maine and Florida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fruit (plant structure)</span> Internal makeup of fruits

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<i>Synechanthus</i> Genus of palms

Synechanthus is a monoecious genus of flowering plant in the palm family found in Mexico, Central and South America. Commonly called bola, palmilla, or jelly bean palm, they are closely related to members of Chamaedorea, only distinguished by their flower and fruit form. The Greek genus name is a combination of "united" and "flower".

<i>Prunus tomentosa</i> Species of tree

Prunus tomentosa is a species of Prunus native to northern and western China, Korea, Mongolia, and possibly northern India. Common names for Prunus tomentosa include Nanjing cherry, Korean cherry, Manchu cherry, downy cherry, Shanghai cherry, Ando cherry, mountain cherry, Chinese bush cherry, and Chinese dwarf cherry.

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<i>Petalostigma triloculare</i> Species of tree

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<i>Cocculus carolinus</i> Species of flowering plant

Cocculus carolinus, commonly called the Carolina coralbead, or snailseed, or Margil's Vine, is a perennial vine of the moonseed family (Cocculus). It is native to North America, where it is found in Mexico and in several states in the United States from the Southeast to the Midwest.

<i>Prunus angustifolia</i> Species of tree

Prunus angustifolia, known commonly as Chickasaw plum, Cherokee plum, Florida sand plum, sandhill plum, or sand plum, is a North American species of plum-bearing tree. It was originally cultivated by Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans. The species' name angustifolia refers to its narrow leaves. It became the official state fruit of Kansas in 2022.

<i>Ceanothus herbaceus</i> Species of flowering plant

Ceanothus herbaceus, also known as Jersey tea, is a species of shrub in the family Rhamnaceae and is similar to Ceanothus americanus and Ceanothus sanguineus. It is a perennial shrub which is native to North America.

<i>Prunus sibirica</i> Species of plant

Prunus sibirica, commonly known as Siberian apricot, is a species of shrub or small tree native to northern China, Korea, Mongolia, and eastern Siberia. It is classified in the rose family, Rosaceae, and is one of several species whose fruit are called apricot, although this species is rarely cultivated for its fruit. The species was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Prunus versteeghii is a species of Prunus native to the island of New Guinea. It is a tree reaching 25 m with strongly‑smelling grey bark. Its herbaceous leaves are oblong to oblong‑ovate, 10 to 15 cm long and 4 to 8 cm wide, having rounded to acute bases and acute apices, and two flat basal glands. Its inflorescences have triangular hairy sepals, only about 1 mm long. The petals are elliptic to obovate, also only 1 mm long and hairy. The flowers have 35 to 45 stamens each, with 1.5 mm long filaments and 0.5 to 0.7 mm long anthers. The fruits are purplish‑black when ripe, have thick mesocarps, and endocarps which are glabrous inside. Its seeds have glabrous testa.

Prunus pullei is a species of Prunus native to the highlands of New Guinea. It is a small tree, usually 15 m but reaching 24 m tall, with rough, lenticellate brown bark. At higher altitudes it takes on a more shrubby growth form.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6  Prunus rivularis was originally described and published in Linnaea 21:594. 1848. "Prunus rivularis". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved April 25, 2012.
  2. Hung, Kuang-Chi (July 2013). Finding Patterns in Nature: Asa Gray'sPlant Geography and Collecting Networks (1830s-1860s) (PhD). Harvard University. hdl:1/11181178 . Retrieved 9 August 2018. Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History of Science
  3. "USDA Plants Database".
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Stephens, H.A. (1973). Plants of the North Central Plains. Kansas: University Press of Kansas. pp. 286–287. ISBN   978-0700601073.
  5. Armstrong, W.P. "Wayne's Word". Fruits Called Nuts. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Johnson. "National Plant Database". Prunus rivularis Scheele. Lady Bird Johnson WildflowerCenter. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
  7. Aggie. "Creek Plum, Hog Plum, Thicket Plum". Prunus rivularis. Texas Agrilife Extension System. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
  8. "United States National Arboretum". USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. USDA. Archived from the original on 2012-07-04. Retrieved 2012-04-23.
  9. 1 2 Creative Commons. "Prunus rivularis - Scherle". Ken Fern/Plants for a Future. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
  10. Yanovsky, Elias (1936). Food plants of the North American Indians. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. pp.  33. Prunus rivularis.