Rosaceae

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Rosaceae
Temporal range: Turonian - present [1] [2]
Rosa pouzinii FlowerCloseup SierraMadrona.jpg
Flower of Rosa pouzinii
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Juss.
Subfamilies
Map-Rosaceae.PNG
Global distribution of Rosaceae
Synonyms [3]
  • Amygdalaceae D. Don 1825
  • Coleogynaceae J. Agardh 1858
  • Fragariaceae Richard ex Nestler 1816
  • Lindleyaceae J. Agardh 1858
  • Malaceae Small ex Britton 1903
  • Pomaceae Lindl.
  • Potentillaceae Sprengel ex Weinmann 1824
  • Prunaceae Martinov
  • Spiraeaceae Bertuch 1801

Rosaceae ( /roʊˈzeɪsiː.iː,-si.aɪ/ ), [4] the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. [5] [6] [7]

The name is derived from the type genus Rosa . Among the most species-rich genera are Alchemilla (270), Sorbus (260), Crataegus (260), Cotoneaster (260), Rubus (250), [7] and Prunus (200), which contains the plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, and almonds. [8] However, all of these numbers should be seen as estimates—much taxonomic work remains.

The family Rosaceae includes herbs, shrubs, and trees. Most species are deciduous, but some are evergreen. [9] They have a worldwide range but are most diverse in the Northern Hemisphere.

Many economically important products come from the Rosaceae, including various edible fruits, such as apples, pears, quinces, apricots, plums, cherries, peaches, raspberries, blackberries, loquats, strawberries, rose hips, hawthorns, and almonds. The family also includes popular ornamental trees and shrubs, such as roses, meadowsweets, rowans, firethorns, and photinias. [9]

Description

Rosaceae can be woody trees, shrubs, climbers or herbaceous plants. [10] The herbs are mostly perennials, but some annuals also exist, such as Aphanes arvensis . [11] : 200  [12]

Leaves

The leaves are generally arranged spirally, but have an opposite arrangement in some species. They can be simple or pinnately compound (either odd- or even-pinnate). Compound leaves appear in around 30 genera. The leaf margin is most often serrate. Paired stipules are generally present, and are a primitive feature within the family, independently lost in many groups of Amygdaloideae (previously called Spiraeoideae). [13] The stipules are sometimes adnate (attached surface to surface) [14] to the petiole. Glands or extrafloral nectaries may be present on leaf margins or petioles. Spines may be present on the midrib of leaflets and the rachis of compound leaves.

Flowers

Flowers of plants in the rose family are generally described as "showy". [15] They are radially symmetrical, and almost always hermaphroditic. Rosaceae generally have five sepals, five petals, and many spirally arranged stamens. The bases of the sepals, petals, and stamens are fused together to form a characteristic cup-like structure called a hypanthium. They can be arranged in spikes, or heads. Solitary flowers are rare. Rosaceae have a variety of color petals, but blue is almost completely absent. [10]

Fruits and seeds

The fruits occur in many varieties and were once considered the main characters for the definition of subfamilies amongst Rosaceae, giving rise to a fundamentally artificial subdivision. They can be follicles, capsules, nuts, achenes, drupes ( Prunus ), and accessory fruits, like the pome of an apple, the hip of a rose, or the receptacle-derived aggregate accessory fruit of a strawberry. Many fruits of the family are edible, but their seeds often contain amygdalin, which can release cyanide during digestion if the seed is damaged. [16]

Taxonomy

Taxonomic history

The family was traditionally divided into six subfamilies: Rosoideae, Spiraeoideae, Maloideae (Pomoideae), Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Neuradoideae, and Chrysobalanoideae, and most of these were treated as families by various authors. [17] [18] More recently (1971), Chrysobalanoideae was placed in Malpighiales in molecular analyses and Neuradoideae has been assigned to Malvales. Schulze-Menz, in Engler's Syllabus edited by Melchior (1964) recognized Rosoideae, Dryadoideae, Lyonothamnoideae, Spireoideae, Amygdaloideae, and Maloideae. [19] They were primarily diagnosed by the structure of the fruits. More recent work has identified that not all of these groups were monophyletic. Hutchinson (1964) [20] and Kalkman (2004) [21] recognized only tribes (17 and 21, respectively). Takhtajan (1997) delimited 21 tribes in 10 subfamilies: [3] Filipenduloideae, Rosoideae, Ruboideae, Potentilloideae, Coleogynoideae, Kerroideae, Amygdaloideae (Prunoideae), Spireoideae, Maloideae (Pyroideae), Dichotomanthoideae. A more modern model comprises three subfamilies, one of which (Rosoideae) has largely remained the same.

While the boundaries of the Rosaceae are not disputed, there is no general agreement as to how many genera it contains. Areas of divergent opinion include the treatment of Potentilla s.l. and Sorbus s.l.. Compounding the problem is that apomixis is common in several genera. This results in an uncertainty in the number of species contained in each of these genera, due to the difficulty of dividing apomictic complexes into species. For example, Cotoneaster contains between 70 and 300 species, Rosa around 100 (including the taxonomically complex dog roses), Sorbus 100 to 200 species, Crataegus between 200 and 1,000, Alchemilla around 300 species, Potentilla roughly 500, and Rubus hundreds, or possibly even thousands of species.

Genera

Identified clades include:

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships between the three subfamilies within Rosaceae are unresolved. There are three competing hypotheses:

Amygdaloideae basalDryadoideae basalRosoideae basal

Amygdaloideae

Rosoideae

Dryadoideae

Dryadoideae

Amygdaloideae

Rosoideae

Rosoideae

Dryadoideae

Amygdaloideae

Amygdaloideae basal

Amygdaloideae has been identified as the earliest branching subfamily by Chin et al. (2014), [22] Li et al. (2015), [23] Li et al. (2016), [24] and Sun et al. (2016). [25] Most recently Zhang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using whole plastid genomes: [26]

The sister relationship between Dryadoideae and Rosoideae is supported by the following shared morphological characters not found in Amygdaloideae: presence of stipules, separation of the hypanthium from the ovary, and the fruits are usually achenes. [26]

Dryadoideae basal

Dryadoideae has been identified as the earliest branching subfamily by Evans et al. (2002) [27] and Potter (2003). [28] Most recently Xiang et al. (2017) recovered these relationships using nuclear transcriptomes: [29]

Rosoideae basal

Rosoideae has been identified as the earliest branching subfamily by Morgan et al. (1994), [30] Evans (1999), [31] Potter et al. (2002), [32] Potter et al. (2007), [13] Töpel et al. (2012), [33] and Chen et al. (2016). [34] The following is taken from Potter et al. (2007): [13]

The sister relationship between Amygdaloideae and Dryadoideae is supported by the following shared biochemical characters not found in Rosoideae: production of cyanogenic glycosides and production of sorbitol. [26]

Distribution and habitat

The Rosaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found nearly everywhere except for Antarctica. They are primarily concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere in regions that are not desert or tropical rainforest. [7]

Uses

The rose family is considered one of the six most economically important crop plant families, [35] and includes apples, pears, quinces, medlars, loquats, almonds, peaches, apricots, plums, cherries, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, sloes, and roses.

Many genera are also highly valued ornamental plants. These include trees and shrubs ( Cotoneaster , Chaenomeles , Crataegus , Dasiphora , Exochorda , Kerria , Photinia , Physocarpus , Prunus , Pyracantha , Rhodotypos , Rosa , Sorbus , Spiraea ), herbaceous perennials ( Alchemilla , Aruncus , Filipendula , Geum , Potentilla , Sanguisorba ), alpine plants ( Dryas , Geum, Potentilla) and climbers ( Rosa ). [9]

However, several genera are also introduced noxious weeds in some parts of the world, costing money to be controlled. These invasive plants can have negative impacts on the diversity of local ecosystems once established. Such naturalised pests include Acaena , Cotoneaster, Crataegus, and Pyracantha. [9]

In Bulgaria and parts of western Asia, the production of rose oil from fresh flowers such as Rosa damascena , Rosa gallica , and other species is an important economic industry. [10]

The family Rosaceae covers a wide range of trees, bushes and plants.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosales</span> Order of flowering plants

Rosales is an order of flowering plants. It is sister to a clade consisting of Fagales and Cucurbitales. It contains about 7,700 species, distributed into about 260 genera. Rosales comprise nine families, the type family being the rose family, Rosaceae. The largest of these families are Rosaceae (91/4828) and Urticaceae (53/2625). The order Rosales is divided into three clades that have never been assigned a taxonomic rank. The basal clade consists of the family Rosaceae; another clade consists of four families, including Rhamnaceae; and the third clade consists of the four urticalean families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maloideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

The MaloideaeC.Weber was the apple subfamily, a grouping used by some taxonomists within the rose family, Rosaceae. Recent molecular phylogenetic evidence has shown that the traditional Spiraeoideae and Amygdaloideae form part of the same clade as the traditional Maloideae, and the correct name for this group is Amygdaloideae. Earlier circumscriptions of Maloideae are more-or-less equivalent to subtribe Malinae or to tribe Maleae. The group includes a number of plants bearing commercially important fruits, such as apples and pears, while others are cultivated as ornamentals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amygdaloideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Amygdaloideae is a subfamily within the flowering plant family Rosaceae. It was formerly considered by some authors to be separate from Rosaceae, and the family names Prunaceae and Amygdalaceae have been used. Reanalysis from 2007 has shown that the previous definition of subfamily Spiraeoideae was paraphyletic. To solve this problem, a larger subfamily was defined that includes the former Amygdaloideae, Spiraeoideae, and Maloideae. This subfamily, however, is to be called Amygdaloideae rather than Spiraeoideae under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants as updated in 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

The rose subfamily Rosoideae consists of more than 850 species, including many shrubs, perennial herbs, and fruit plants such as strawberries and brambles. Only a few are annual herbs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spiraeoideae</span>

The subfamily Spiraeoideae was traditionally a subfamily of flowering plants within the family Rosaceae. The taxonomy of this subfamily has changed several times in the last century as more detailed studies have been carried out. Spiraeoideae as defined before 2007 is paraphyletic, leading some authors to define a broader subfamily which includes the Spiraeoideae as well as the Maleae, and the Amygdaloideae. Such an expanded subfamily is to be called Amygdaloideae under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.

<i>Prunus</i> Genus of trees and shrubs

Prunus is a genus of trees and shrubs in the flowering plant family Rosaceae that includes plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, and almonds. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, being native to the North American temperate regions, the neotropics of South America, and temperate and tropical regions of Asia and Africa, There are 340 accepted species. Many members of the genus are widely cultivated for their fruit and for decorative purposes. Prunus fruit are drupes, or stone fruits. The fleshy mesocarp surrounding the endocarp is edible while the endocarp itself forms a hard, inedible shell called the pyrena. This shell encloses the seed, which is edible in some species, but poisonous in many others. Besides being eaten off the hand, most Prunus fruit are also commonly used in processing, such as jam production, canning, drying, and the seeds for roasting.

<i>Potentilla</i> Genus of flowering plants in the rose family Rosaceae

Potentilla is a genus containing over 300 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae.

<i>Sorbus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the rose family Rosaceae

Sorbus is a genus of over 100 species of trees and shrubs in the rose family, Rosaceae. Species of Sorbus (s.l.) are commonly known as whitebeam, rowan, mountain-ash and service tree. The exact number of species is disputed depending on the circumscription of the genus, and also due to the number of apomictic microspecies, which some treat as distinct species, but others group in a smaller number of variable species. Recent treatments classify Sorbus in a narrower sense to include only the pinnate leaved species of subgenus Sorbus, raising several of the other subgenera to generic rank.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hamamelidaceae</span> Witch-hazel, a shrub or small tree

Hamamelidaceae, commonly referred to as the witch-hazel family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales. The clade consists of shrubs and small trees positioned within the woody clade of the core Saxifragales. An earlier system, the Cronquist system, recognized Hamamelidaceae in the Hamamelidales order.

<i>Dryas</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Dryas is a genus of perennial cushion-forming evergreen dwarf shrubs in the family Rosaceae, native to the arctic and alpine regions of Europe, Asia and North America. The genus is named after the dryads, the tree nymphs of ancient Greek mythology. The classification of Dryas within the Rosaceae has been unclear. The genus was formerly placed in the subfamily Rosoideae, but is now placed in subfamily Dryadoideae.

<i>Cercocarpus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Cercocarpus, commonly known as mountain mahogany, is a small genus of at least nine species of nitrogen-fixing flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae. They are native to the western United States and northern Mexico, where they grow in chaparral and semidesert habitats and climates, often at high altitudes. Several are found in the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion.

<i>Photinia</i> Genus of shrubs in the family Rosaceae

Photinia is a genus of about 30 species of small trees and large shrubs, but the taxonomy has recently varied greatly, with the genera Heteromeles, Stranvaesia and Aronia sometimes included in Photinia.

<i>Dasiphora</i> Genus of flowering plants

Dasiphora is a genus of shrubs in the rose family Rosaceae, native to Asia, with one species D. fruticosa, ranging across the entire cool temperate Northern Hemisphere. In the past, the genus was normally included in Potentilla as Potentilla sect. Rhopalostylae, but genetic evidence has shown it to be distinct.

<i>Holodiscus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Holodiscus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae, native to the Americas, from southwestern British Columbia, Canada and the western United States south to Bolivia.

<i>Purshia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Purshia is a small genus of 5–8 species of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae which are native to western North America.

<i>Neillia</i> Genus of shrubs

Neillia is a genus of the botanical family Rosaceae. They are deciduous shrubs or subshrubs. They produce clusters of terminal or axillary flowers, and have dry dehiscent fruits. They are native to eastern and central Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dryadoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

The subfamily Dryadoideae consists of four genera in the family Rosaceae, all of which contain representative species with root nodules that host the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Frankia. They are subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees with a base chromosome number of 9, whose fruits are either an achene or an aggregate of achenes. It includes five genera, all of which except the first only occur in North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maleae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

The Maleae are the apple tribe in the rose family, Rosaceae. The group includes a number of plants bearing commercially important fruits, such as apples and pears, while others are cultivated as ornamentals. Older taxonomies separated some of this group as tribe Crataegeae, as the Cydonia group, or some genera were placed in family Quillajaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malinae</span> Subtribe of flowering plants

Malinae is the name for the apple subtribe in the rose family, Rosaceae. This name is required by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, which came into force in 2011 for any group at the subtribe rank that includes the genus Malus but not either of the genera Rosa or Amygdalus. The group includes a number of plants bearing commercially important fruits, such as apples and pears, while others are cultivated as ornamentals.

References

  1. ↑ Zhang S.-D.; Jin J.-J.; Chen S.-Y.; et al. (2017). "Diversification of Rosaceae since the Late Cretaceous based on plastid phylogenomics". New Phytol. 214 (3): 1355–1367. doi: 10.1111/nph.14461 . PMID   28186635.
  2. ↑ "Rosales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  3. 1 2 Takhtajan A. (1997). Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 1–620. ISBN   978-0-231-10098-4.
  4. ↑ "Rosaceae". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary .
  5. ↑ "The Plant List: Rosaceae". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  6. ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 .
  7. 1 2 3 "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". mobot.org.
  8. ↑ Bortiri, E.; Oh, S.-H.; Jiang, J.; Baggett, S.; Granger, A.; Weeks, C.; Buckingham, M.; Potter, D.; Parfitt, D.E. (2001). "Phylogeny and Systematics of Prunus (Rosaceae) as Determined by Sequence Analysis of ITS and the Chloroplast trnL–trnF Spacer DNA". Systematic Botany. 26 (4): 797–807. doi:10.1043/0363-6445-26.4.797 (inactive 31 January 2024). JSTOR   3093861.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
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  10. 1 2 3 Heywood, V.H.; Brummitt, R.K.; Culham, A.; Seberg, O. (2007). Flowering Plant Families of the World. Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books. pp. 280–282. ISBN   978-1-55407-206-4.
  11. ↑ Stace, C. A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics. ISBN   978-1-5272-2630-2.
  12. ↑ "Rosaceae Juss.: FloraBase: Flora of Western Australia". calm.wa.gov.au. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
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  15. ↑ Folta, Kevin M.; Gardiner, Susan E., eds. (2008). Genetics and Genomics of Rosaceae (1 ed.). New York: Springer. p. 2. ISBN   978-0-387-77490-9.
  16. ↑ TOXNET: CASRN: 29883-15-6
  17. ↑ Caratini, Roger. La Vie de plantes. 1971. Encyclopédie Bordas.
  18. ↑ Lawrence, G.H.M. 1960. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Macmillan.
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  20. ↑ Hutchinson J. (1964). The Genera of Flowering Plants. Vol. 1, Dicotyledons. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1–516.
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  25. ↑ Sun Miao; Naeem Rehan; Su Jun-Xia; Cao Zhi-Yong; Burleigh J. Gordon; Soltis Pamela S.; Soltis Douglas E.; Chen Zhi-Duan (2016). "Phylogeny of the Rosidae: A dense taxon sampling analysis". Journal of Systematics and Evolution . 54 (4): 363–391. doi: 10.1111/jse.12211 .
  26. 1 2 3 Zhang SD, Jin JJ, Chen SY, Chase MW, Soltis DE, Li HT, Yang JB, Li DZ, Yi TS (2017). "Diversification of Rosaceae since the Late Cretaceous based on plastid phylogenomics". New Phytol . 214 (3): 1355–1367. doi: 10.1111/nph.14461 . PMID   28186635.
  27. ↑ Evans RC, Campbell C, Potter D, Morgan D, Eriksson T, Alice L, Oh SH, Bortiri E, Gao F, Smedmark J, Arsenault M (2–7 August 2002). "A Rosaceae phylogeny". Abstracts. Botany 2002—Botany in the Curriculum: Integrating Research and Teaching. Madison, Wisconsin: Botanical Society of America, St. Louis. p. 108.
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  29. ↑ Xiang Y, Huang CH, Hu Y, Wen J, Li S, Yi T, Chen H, Xiang J, Ma H (2017). "Evolution of Rosaceae fruit types based on nuclear phylogeny in the context of geological times and genome duplication". Mol Biol Evol . 34 (2): 262–281. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw242. PMC   5400374 . PMID   27856652.
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  35. ↑ B.C. Bennett (undated). Economic Botany: Twenty-Five Economically Important Plant Families. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) e-book
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