Ranks and insignia of space forces

Comparison of ranks and insignia of all current and former space forces, to include aerospace forces and air and space forces or air forces with space units and formations.

Ranks

Officers

Rank group	General/Flag/Air officers										Senior officers						Junior officers								Officer cadet
Royal Australian Air Force [1] v t e
	Marshal of the RAAF		Air chief marshal		Air marshal		Air vice-marshal		Air commodore		Group captain		Wing commander		Squadron leader		Flight lieutenant		Flying officer			Pilot officer			Officer cadet
Brazilian Air Force [2] v t e
	Marechal-do-ar		Tenente-brigadeiro do Ar		Major-brigadeiro		Brigadeiro				Coronel		Tenente-coronel		Major		Capitão		Primeiro-tenente			Segundo-tenente
Royal Canadian Air Force [3] [4] v t e
			General		Lieutenant-general		Major-general		Brigadier-general		Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel		Major		Captain		Lieutenant			Second lieutenant			Officer cadet
			Général(e)		Lieutenant(e)-général(e)		Major(e)-général(e)		Brigadier(ère)-général(e)		Colonel(le)		Lieutenant(e)-colonel(le)		Major(e)		Capitaine		Lieutenant(e)			Sous-lieutenant(e)			Élève-officier(ère)
PLA Strategic Support Force v t e
			上将 Shàngjiàng		中将 Zhōngjiàng		少将 Shàojiàng				大校 Dàxiào	上校 Shàngxiào	中校 Zhōngxiào		少校 Shàoxiào		上尉 Shàngwèi		中尉 Zhōngwèi			少尉 Shàowèi			学员 Xuéyuán
Colombian Aerospace Force [5] v t e
			General del aire				Mayor general del aire		Brigadier general del aire		Coronel		Teniente coronel		Mayor		Capitán		Teniente			Subteniente
French Air and Space Force [6] v t e
			Général d´armée aérienne		Général de corps aérien		Général de division aérienne		Général de brigade aérienne		Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel		Commandant		Capitaine		Lieutenant			Sous-lieutenant			Aspirant						Élève-officier
German Air Force [7] v t e																															Enlisted rank plus bottom thin silver cord indicating cadet's career
			General		General­leutnant		General­major		Brigade­general		Oberst		Oberst­leutnant		Major		Stabs­haupt­mann	Haupt­mann	Ober­leut­nant			Leut­nant			Ober­fähn­rich		Fähn­rich		Fahnen­junker
Iranian Air Force v t e
			ارتشبد Arteshbod		سپهبد Sepahbod		سرلشکر Sarlashkar		سرتیپ Sartip	سرتیپ دوم Sartip dovom	سرهنگ Sarhang		سرهنگ دوم Sarhang dovom		سرگرد Sargord		سروان Sarvan		ستوان یکم Sotvan yekom		ستوان دوم Sotvan dovom		ستوان سوم Sotvan sevom
			General		Lieutenant general		Major general		Brigadier general	Second brigadier general	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel		Major		Captain		First lieutenant		Second lieutenant		Third lieutenant
IRGC Aerospace Force [8] v t e
			ارتشبد پاسدار Arteshbod pasdar		سپهبد پاسدار Sepahbod pasdar		سرلشکر پاسدار Sarlashkar pasdar		سرتیپ پاسدار Sartip pasdar	سرتیپ دوم پاسدار Sartip dovom pasdar	سرهنگ پاسدار Sarhang pasdar		سرهنگ دوم پاسدار Sarhang dovom pasdar		سرگرد پاسدار Sargord pasdar		سروان پاسدار Sarwan pasdar		ستوان یکم پاسدار Sotwan yekom pasdar		ستوان دوم پاسدار Sotwan dovom pasdar		ستوان سوم پاسدار Sotwan sevom pasdar		دانشجوی دانشگاه افسری امام حسین ع Daneshjoye daneshgah afsari imam Hosein
			General		Lieutenant general		Major general		brigadier general	Second brigadier general	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel		Major		Captain		First lieutenant		Second lieutenant		Third lieutenant		Imam Hossein University officer cadet
Israeli Air Force [9] v t e
					רב-אלוף Rav aluf		אלוף Aluf		תת-אלוף Tat aluf		אלוף משנה Aluf mishne		סגן-אלוף Sgan aluf		רב סרן Rav seren		סרן Seren		סגן Segen			סגן-משנה Segen mishne			קצין אקדמאי בכיר Katzín akademai bakhír						קצין מקצועי אקדמאי Katzín miktsoí akademai
Japan Air Self-Defense Force [10] v t e
			幕僚長たる空将 Bakuryōchō-taru-kūshō		空将 Kūshō		空将補 Kūshō-ho				1等空佐 Ittō kūsa		2等空佐 Nitō kūsa		3等空佐 Santō kūsa		1等空尉 Ittō kūi		2等空尉 Nitō kūi		3等空尉 Santō kūi		准空尉 Jun kūi
Royal Netherlands Air Force [11] v t e
			Generaal		Luitenant-generaal		Generaal-majoor		Commodore		Kolonel		Luitenant-kolonel		Majoor		Kapitein		Eerste luitenant			Tweede luitenant
Royal New Zealand Air Force [12] v t e
	Marshal of the RNZAF				Air marshal		Air vice-marshal		Air commodore		Group captain		Wing commander		Squadron leader		Flight lieutenant		Flying officer			Pilot officer			Officer cadet
Korean People's Army Air Force [13] v t e
	인민군원수 Inmingun-wonsu	차수 Chasu	대장 Daejang		상장 Sangjang		중장 Chungjang		소장 Sojang		대좌 Daechwa	상좌 Sangjwa	중좌 Chungjwa		소좌 Sojwa		대위 Taewi		상위 Sangwi		중위 Chungwi		소위 Sowi
Pakistan Air Force v t e
	Marshal of the Pakistan Air Force		Air chief marshal		Air marshal		Air vice marshal		Air commodore		Group captain		Wing commander		Squadron leader		Flight lieutenant		Flying officer			Pilot officer			Officer cadet
	سالار فضائیہ		امیرسالار فضائیہ		سالار فضائیہ		سالار فضائیہ مقابل		عَمِيد الفضاء		سردار جماعت		شارف الجناح		قائدِ دستہ		نقیبِ پرواز		منصبِ طیار
Russian Aerospace Forces [14] v t e
			Генера́л а́рмии Generál ármii		Генера́л-полко́вник Generál-polkóvnik		Генера́л-лейтена́нт Generál-leytenánt		Генера́л-майо́р Generál-mayór		Полко́вник Polkóvnik		Подполко́вник Podpolkóvnik		Майо́р Majór		Kапита́н Kapitán		Старший лейтена́нт Stárshiy leytenánt		Лейтенант Leytenant		Mла́дший лейтена́нт Mládshiy leytenánt		Курсант Kursant
Spanish Air and Space Force [15] v t e
	Capitán general		General del aire		Teniente general		General de división		General de brigada		Coronel		Teniente coronel		Comandante		Capitán		Teniente			Alférez
Royal Thai Air Force [16] v t e
	จอมพลอากาศ Chom phon akat		พลอากาศเอก Phon akat ek		พลอากาศโท Phon akat tho		พลอากาศตรี Phon akat tri				นาวาอากาศเอก Nawa akat ek		นาวาอากาศโท Nawa akat tho		นาวาอากาศตรี Nawa akat tri		เรืออากาศเอก Ruea akat ek		เรืออากาศโท Ruea akat tho			เรืออากาศตรี Ruea akat tri			นักเรียนนายเรืออากาศ Nak-rian nairuea akat
Turkish Air Force [17] v t e																															Various [lower-alpha 1]
	Mareşal		Genelkurmay başkanlığı	Orgeneral	Korgeneral		Tümgeneral		Tuğgeneral		Albay		Yarbay		Binbaşı		Yüzbaşı		Üsteğmen		Teğmen		Asteğmen								Harbiyeli
Royal Air Force [18] v t e
	Marshal of the RAF		Air chief marshal		Air marshal		Air vice-marshal		Air commodore		Group captain		Wing commander		Squadron leader		Flight lieutenant		Flying officer			Pilot officer /acting pilot officer			Officer cadet
United States Space Force [19] v t e																									(Various insignia)
			General		Lieutenant general		Major general		Brigadier general		Colonel		Lieutenant colonel		Major		Captain		First lieutenant			Second lieutenant			Cadet / Officer trainee
Vietnam People's Air Force [20] v t e
					Thượng tướng		Trung tướng		Thiếu tướng		Đại tá	Thượng tá	Trung tá		Thiếu tá		Đại úy		Thượng úy		Trung úy		Thiếu úy		Học viên sĩ quan
Rank group	General/Flag/Air officers										Senior officers						Junior officers								Officer cadet

Enlisted

Rank group	Senior NCOs																						Junior NCOs						Enlisted
Royal Australian Air Force [21] [1] v t e
	Warrant Officer of the Air Force			Warrant officer			Flight sergeant				Sergeant												Corporal						Leading aircraftman/ aircraftwoman						Aircraftman/ aircraftwoman
Brazilian Air Force [2] v t e
	Suboficial										Primeiro-Sargento						Segundo-Sargento			Terceiro-Sargento			Cabo		Taifeiro-mor				Soldado			Taifeiro primeira classe			Soldado segunda classe	Taifeiro segunda classe
Royal Canadian Air Force [3] [4] v t e
	Chief warrant officer						Master warrant officer		Warrant officer		Sergeant												Master corporal				Corporal		Aviator (trained)						Aviator (basic)
	Adjudant(e)-chef						Adjudant(e)-maître		Adjudant(e)		Sergent(e)												Caporal(e)-chef				Caporal(e)		Aviateur (formé)/ Aviatrice (formée)						Aviateur (confirmé)/ Aviatrice (confirmée)
PLA Strategic Support Force v t e
	一级军士长 Yījí jūnshìzhǎng			二级军士长 Èrjí jūnshìzhǎng			三级军士长 Sānjí jūnshìzhǎng		四级军士长 Sìjí jūnshìzhǎng		上士 Shàngshì						中士 Zhōngshì						下士 Xiàshì						上等兵 Shàngděngbīng						列兵 Lièbīng
Colombian Aerospace Force [5] v t e
	Técnico jefe de comando conjunto			Técnico jefe de comando			Técnico jefe		Técnico subjefe		Técnico primero						Técnico segundo						Técnico tercero				Técnico cuarto		Aerotécnico
French Air and Space Force [6] v t e
	Major			Adjudant-chef			Adjudant				Sergent-chef						Sergent						Caporal-chef				Caporal		Aviateur 1e classe						Aviateur 2e classe
German Air Force [7] v t e
	Ober­stabs­feldwebel						Stabs­feldwebel		Haupt­feldwebel		Ober­feldwebel			Feldwebel			Stabs­unteroffizier			Unteroffizier			Stabskorporal	Korporal	Oberstabs­gefreiter	Stabs­gefreiter	Haupt­gefreiter	Ober­gefreiter	Gefreiter						Flieger
German Air Force (Officer designate) v t e
									Oberfähnrich		Fähnrich						Fahnenjunker
Iranian Air Force v t e
	استوار یکم Ostovar yekom						استوار دوم Ostovar dovom		گروهبان یکم Goruhban yekom		گروهبان دوم Goruhban dovom						گروهبان سوم Goruhban sevom						سرجوخه Sarjukheh				سرباز یکم Sarbaz yekom		سرباز دوم Sarbaz dovom						سرباز Sarbaz
	Chief warrant officer						Warrant officer junior grade		Sergeant first class		Sergeant second class						Sergeant third class						Corporal				Private first class		Private second class						Private
IRGC Aerospace Force [8] v t e
	رزم‌دار یکم Razmdar yekom pasdar						رزم‌دار دوم Razmdar dovom pasdar		رزم‌آور یکم Razmavar yekom pasdar		رزم‌آور دوم Razmavar dovom pasdar						رزم‌آور سوم Razmavar sevom pasdar						رزم‌یار Razmyar pasdar				سرباز یکم Sarbaz yekom pasdar		سرباز دوم Sarbaz dovom pasdar						سرباز Sarbaz pasdar
	Chief warrant officer						Warrant officer junior grade		Sergeant first class		Sergeant second class						Sergeant third class						Corporal				Private first class		Private second class						Private
Israeli Air Force [9] v t e																													No insignia
	רב-נגד Rav nagad			רב-סמל בכיר Rav samal bakhír			רב-סמל מתקדם Rav samal mitkadem	רב-סמל ראשון Rav samal rishon	רב-סמל Rav samal		סמל ראשון Samal rishon						סמל Samal						רב טוראי Rav turai						טוראי Turai
Japan Air Self-Defense Force [10] v t e
	空曹長 Kūsōchō								1等空曹 Ittō kūsō		2等空曹 Nitō kūsō						3等空曹 Santō kūsō						空士長 Kūshichō				1等空士 Ittō kūshi		2等空士 Nitō kūshi						自衛官候補生 Jieikan kōhosei
Royal Netherlands Air Force [11] v t e
	Adjudant-Onderofficier								Sergeant-majoor		Sergeant der 1e klasse						Sergeant						Korporaal der 1e klasse				Korporaal		Soldaat der 1ste klasse			Soldaat der 2de klasse			Soldaat der 3de klasse
Royal New Zealand Air Force [12] v t e
	Warrant Officer								Flight Sergeant		Sergeant												Corporal						Leading Aircraftman						Aircraftman
Korean People's Army Air Force [13] v t e
	특무상사 T'ŭkmu-sangsa						상사 Sangsa		중사 Chungsa		하사 Hasa						상급병사 Sanggŭp-pyŏngsa						중급병사 Chungŭp-pyŏngsa				하급병사 Hagŭp-pyŏngsa		전사 Chŏnsa
Pakistan Air Force v t e
	Chief Warrant Officer						Warrant Officer		Assistant Warrant Officer		Senior Technician												Corporal Technician				Junior Technician		Senior Aircraftman			Leading Aircraftman			Aircraftman
Russian Aerospace Forces [14] v t e
	Ста́рший пра́порщик Stárshiy práporshchik			Пра́порщик Práporshchyk			Старшина́ Starshyná		Ста́рший сержа́нт Stárshiy serzhánt		Сержа́нт Serzhánt						Мла́дший сержа́нт Mládshiy serzhánt						Ефре́йтор Efréĭtor				Рядово́й Ryadovóy
Spanish Air and Space Force [15] v t e
	Suboficial mayor			Subteniente			Brigada		Sargento primero		Sargento						Cabo mayor						Cabo primero				Cabo		Soldado de primera						Soldado
Royal Thai Air Force [16] v t e																																			No insignia
	พันจ่าอากาศเอก Phan cha akat ek						พันจ่าอากาศโท Phan cha akat tho		พันจ่าอากาศตรี Phan cha akat tri								จ่าอากาศเอก Cha akat ek						จ่าอากาศโท Cha akat tho						จ่าอากาศตรี Cha akat tri						พลทหาร Phon thahan
Turkish Air Force [17] v t e																																			No insignia
	Astsubay kıdemli başçavuş						Astsubay başçavuş		Astsubay kıdemli üstçavuş		Astsubay üstçavuş						Astsubay kıdemli çavuş		Astsubay çavuş		Astsubay astçavuş		Uzman çavuş		Çavuş		Uzman onbaşı	Onbaşı							Er
Royal Air Force [18] v t e																																			No insignia
	Warrant officer								Flight sergeant	Chief technician	Sergeant												Corporal				Lance corporal (RAF Regiment only)		Air specialist (class 1) technician		Air specialist (class 1)		Air specialist (class 2)		Air recruit
Royal Air Force [18] (Aircrew) v t e
	Master aircrew								Flight sergeant aircrew		Sergeant aircrew
United States Space Force [22] v t e
	Chief master sergeant						Senior master sergeant		Master sergeant		Technical sergeant						Sergeant						Specialist 4				Specialist 3		Specialist 2						Specialist 1
Vietnam People's Air Force [20] v t e
							Thượng sĩ				Trung sĩ												Hạ sĩ						Binh nhất						Binh nhì
Rank group	Senior NCOs																						Junior NCOs						Enlisted

Former ranks

Officers

Rank group	General/Flag/Air officers										Senior officers						Junior officers								Officer cadet
Russian Aerospace Defence Forces (2011–2015) v t e			(2013–2015)	(2011–2013)
			Генера́л а́рмии Generál ármii		Генера́л-полко́вник Generál-polkóvnik		Генера́л-лейтена́нт Generál-leytenánt		Генера́л-майо́р Generál-mayór		Полко́вник Polkóvnik		Подполко́вник Podpolkóvnik		Майо́р Majór		Kапита́н Kapitán		Старший лейтена́нт Stárshiy leytenánt		Лейтенант Leytenant		Mла́дший лейтена́нт Mládshiy leytenánt		Курсант Kursant
Russian Space Forces (2010–2011) v t e
			Генера́л а́рмии Generál ármii		Генера́л-полко́вник Generál-polkóvnik		Генера́л-лейтена́нт Generál-leytenánt		Генера́л-майо́р Generál-mayór		Полко́вник Polkóvnik		Подполко́вник Podpolkóvnik		Майо́р Majór		Kапита́н Kapitán		Старший лейтена́нт Stárshiy leytenánt		Лейтенант Leytenant		Mла́дший лейтена́нт Mládshiy leytenánt		Курсант Kursant
Russian Space Forces (1994–1997 / 2001–2011) v t e			(1997–2010)	(1994–1997)
			Генера́л а́рмии Generál ármii		Генера́л-полко́вник Generál-polkóvnik		Генера́л-лейтена́нт Generál-leytenánt		Генера́л-майо́р Generál-mayór		Полко́вник Polkóvnik		Подполко́вник Podpolkóvnik		Майо́р Majór		Kапита́н Kapitán		Старший лейтена́нт Stárshiy leytenánt		Лейтенант Leytenant		Mла́дший лейтена́нт Mládshiy leytenánt		Курсант Kursant
Rank group	General/Flag/Air officers										Senior officers						Junior officers								Officer cadet

Enlisted

Rank group	Senior NCOs																						Junior NCOs						Enlisted
Russian Aerospace Defence Forces (2011–2015) v t e
	Ста́рший пра́порщик Stárshiy práporshchik			Пра́порщик Práporshchyk			Старшина́ Starshyná		Ста́рший сержа́нт Stárshiy serzhánt		Сержа́нт Serzhánt						Мла́дший сержа́нт Mládshiy serzhánt						Ефре́йтор Efréĭtor				Рядово́й Ryadovóy
Russian Space Forces (2010–2011) v t e
	Ста́рший пра́порщик Stárshiy práporshchik			Пра́порщик Práporshchyk			Старшина́ Starshyná		Ста́рший сержа́нт Stárshiy serzhánt		Сержа́нт Serzhánt						Мла́дший сержа́нт Mládshiy serzhánt						Ефре́йтор Efréĭtor				Рядово́й Ryadovóy
Russian Space Forces (1994–1997 / 2001–2010) v t e
	Ста́рший пра́порщик Stárshiy práporshchik			Пра́порщик Práporshchyk			Старшина́ Starshyná		Ста́рший сержа́нт Stárshiy serzhánt		Сержа́нт Serzhánt						Мла́дший сержа́нт Mládshiy serzhánt						Ефре́йтор Efréĭtor				Рядово́й Ryadovóy
United States Space Force (2020–2021)																																			No insignia
	Senior enlisted advisor to the chairman	Chief master sergeant of the Space Force		Chief master sergeant			Senior master sergeant		Master sergeant		Technical sergeant						Sergeant						Specialist 4				Specialist 3		Specialist 2						Specialist 1
Rank group	Senior NCOs																						Junior NCOs						Enlisted

Insignia

Flags

• 
  Royal Australian Air Force Ensign
• 
  Royal Canadian Air Force Ensign
• 
  Flag of the Colombian Aerospace Force
• 
  Ensign of the Colombian Aerospace Force
• 
  Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
• 
  Flag of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force
• 
  Flag of the Israeli Air Force
• 
  Flag of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force
• 
  Flag of the Royal Netherlands Air Force
• 
  Royal New Zealand Air Force Ensign
• 
  Flag of the Korean People's Army Air Force
• 
  Flag of the Pakistan Air Force
• 
  Flag of the Russian Aerospace Forces
• 
  Flag of the Russian Space Forces (independent troops from 1992–1997 & 2001–2011; currently sub-branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces) ^[23]
• 
  Flag of the Royal Thai Air Force
• 
  Royal Air Force Ensign
• 
  Flag of the United States Space Force
• 
  Flag of the Vietnam People's Air Force

Emblems

• 
  Embldm of the Brazilian Air Force
• 
  Badge of the People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
• 
  Emblem of the People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
• 
  Badge of the Colombian Aerospace Force
• 
  Emblem of the French Air and Space Force
• 
  Logo of the German Air Force
• 
  Badge of the German Air Force
• 
  Badge of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
• 
  Emblem of the Israeli Air Force
• 
  Emblem of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force
• 
  Emblem of the Royal Netherlands Air Force
• 
  Patch of the Korean People's Army Air Force
• 
  Badge of the Pakistan Air Force
• 
  Great emblem of the Russian Aerospace Forces
• 
  Middle emblem of the Russian Aerospace Forces
• 
  Small emblem of the Russian Aerospace Forces
• 
  Great emblem of the Russian Space Forces
• 
  Medium emblem of the Russian Space Forces
• 
  Small emblem of the Russian Space Forces
• 
  Emblem of the Spanish Air and Space Force
• 
  Badge of the Royal Thai Air Force
• 
  Badge of the Royal Air Force
• 
  Seal of the United States Space Force
• 
  U.S. Space Force Delta. ^[24]
• 
  Insignia of the Vietnam People's Air Force

Notes

1. Student officer insignia designates school grade rather than military seniority.

See also

• List of space forces
• Ranks and insignia of NATO
• Ranks and insignia of marine forces

References

1. "Badges of rank" (PDF). defence.gov.au. Department of Defence (Australia). Retrieved 31 May 2021.
2. "Postos e Graduações". fab.mil.br (in Portuguese). Brazilian Air Force. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
3. "Ranks and appointment". canada.ca. Government of Canada. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
4. "The Canadian Armed Forces modernizes military ranks in French". Canada. Government of Canada. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
5. "Grados Militares Fuerza Aérea Colombiana". fac.mil.co (in Spanish). Colombian Air Force. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
6. "Les grades" (PDF). defense.gouv.fr (in French). Ministry of Armed Forces (France). Retrieved 4 June 2021.
7. "Dienstgradabzeichen Luftwaffe". bundeswehr.de (in German). Bundeswehr. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
8. Fulton, Will (31 October 2012). "IRGC Rank Insignia Guide". slideshare. AEI's Critical Threats Project. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
9. "עושים לכם סדר בדרגות". idf.il (in Hebrew). Israel Defense Forces. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
10. "自衛官の階級" [Self-Defense Forces rank]. mod.go.jp (in Japanese). Japanese Ministry of Defense. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
11. "De rangonderscheidingstekens van de krijgsmacht" (PDF) (in Dutch). Ministry of Defence (Netherlands). 19 December 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
12. "Badges of Rank" (PDF). nzdf.mil.nz. New Zealand Defence Force. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
13. Minnich, James M. (2008). "National Security". In Worden, Robert L. (ed.). North Korea: a country study. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 266, 268. LCCN   2008028547 . Retrieved 20 October 2021.
14. "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 11 марта 2010 года № 293 "О военной форме одежды, знаках различия военнослужащих и ведомственных знаках отличия"". rg.ru (in Russian). Российской газеты. 12 March 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
15. "Army Ranks & Insignia". Ejército de Tierra. Ministry of Defence (Spain). Retrieved 30 May 2021.
16. "เครื่องหมายยศทหาร" [Military Rank Insignia]. navedu.navy.mi.th (in Thai). Thai Naval Education Department. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
17. "Rütbeleri". Official air force (in Turkish). Retrieved 1 March 2021.
18. "RAF Ranks". raf.mod.uk/. Royal Air Force . Retrieved 21 September 2021.
19. "U.S. Military Rank Insignia". defense.gov. Department of Defense. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
20. "Quy định quân hiệu, cấp hiệu, phù hiệu và lễ phục của Quân đội nhân dân Việt Nam". mod.gov.vn (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). 26 August 2009. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
21. "Ranks | Air Force". airforce.gov.au. Royal Australian Air Force. Archived from the original on 25 Oct 2023. Retrieved 10 Nov 2023.
22. Hadley, Greg (20 September 2021). "Space Force Reveals Insignia for Enlisted Ranks". airforcemag.com. Air Force Magazine. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
23. Bodner, Matthew (22 June 2018). "As Trump pushes for separate space force, Russia moves fast the other way".^{[ dead link ]}
24. "U.S. Space Force says its new seal is not a Starfleet knockoff". SpaceNews.com. 25 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-04.