Regional Representative Council Dewan Perwakilan Daerah | |
---|---|
2019–2024 period | |
Type | |
Type | |
Term limits | None |
Leadership | |
Deputy Speaker | Nono Sampono(Maluku) since 2 October 2019 |
Deputy Speaker | Mahyudin(East Kalimantan) since 2 October 2019 |
Deputy Speaker | Sultan Bachtiar Najamudin(Bengkulu) since 2 October 2019 |
Structure | |
Seats | 136 |
Political groups | Nonpartisan (136) |
Authority | On the area of regional governments only:
|
Elections | |
Single non-transferable vote | |
Last election | 14 February 2024 |
Next election | 2029 |
Meeting place | |
Parliamentary Complex Jakarta Indonesia | |
Website | |
dpd.go.id |
This article is part of a series on the |
Politics of Indonesia |
---|
The Regional Representative Council (Indonesian : Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD; alternatively translatable as the House of Regions or the House of Regional Representatives or the Senate of Indonesia), is one of two parliamentary chambers in Indonesia. Together with the House of Representatives (DPR), it makes up the Indonesian national legislative body, the Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR). [3] Under Indonesia's constitution, the authority of the DPD is limited to areas related to regional governments and can only propose and give advice on bills to the DPR. [1] Unlike the DPR, the DPD has no direct law-making power. [2] Its members are usually called senators instead of DPD members. [4]
The idea of regional representation in parliament was initially accommodated in the original version of the 1945 Constitution, with the concept of Utusan Daerah (Regional Representatives) in the MPR, along with Utusan Golongan (Group Representatives) and members of the DPR. This is regulated in Article 2 of the constitution, which states that "The MPR consists of members of the DPR plus representatives from regions and groups, according to the rules established by law". This loose arrangement was then further regulated by various laws and regulations.
In the Constitution of the United States of Indonesia enacted in 1949, the idea was realized in the form of Senat Republik Indonesia Serikat (Senate of the United States of Indonesia), representing the states and working side by side with the DPR.
As a replacement for Utusan Daerah, the DPD was created by the third amendment to the 1945 Constitution enacted on 9 November 2001 in a move towards bicameralism. The DPD does not have the revising powers of an upper house like the United States Senate. Article 22D restricts the DPD from dealing with bills on "regional autonomy, the relationship of central and local government, formation, expansion and merger of regions, management of natural resources and other economic resources, and Bills related to the financial balance between the centre and the regions." [5]
The International Foundation for Electoral Systems conducted a tracking survey in the Indonesian legislative elections in 2004 which showed that not all voters knew how to vote for candidates for the new Regional Representative Council, or were even aware of its existence. [6] The first 128 elected DPD members were sworn in for the first time on 1 October 2004.
The DPD is not a true upper house, because the power of the DPD is relatively weak compared to the older chamber, the DPR, notably, it has no direct law-making or the power to veto bills. [7] [8] According to Indonesian constitutional scholar Jimly Asshiddiqie, the relative weakness of the DPD was a result of a compromise in the committee responsible for the constitutional amendment. [8] The reformist faction wanted a strong second chamber in addition to the existing DPR to strengthen checks and balances, but the conservative faction opposed this. [8]
Article 22C of the Constitution says that all members of the DPD are elected through the same legislative election every five years, along with the members of the House of Representatives. The total number of senators is limited so that it does not exceed one-third of that of DPR. Each of the 38 provinces of Indonesia elects 4 members to the DPD. As there were 34 provinces at the time of the 2019 election, there are 136 senators in the current DPD, but four new provinces were created in 2022, increasing the number of senators to 152 starting with the 2024 election.
Members are elected on a non-partisan basis using single non-transferable voting. However, many candidates in the inaugural 2004 legislative election had links to the parties represented in the House of Representatives, the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR. The members represent the interests of their provinces, therefore the DPD can be seen as a reform of the utusan daerah (regional representatives) of the MPR during the Suharto era, which was appointed to the MPR at the president's discretion. [7]
The DPD can propose regional bills to the House of Representatives and must be heard on any regional bill proposed by the DPR. [7]
The acronym DPD is a common one in Indonesia. In political parties, it usually stands for Dewan Pimpinan Daerah (Local Leadership Council) and is seated at each provincial capital. It should not be confused with the legislative body.
The politics of Indonesia take place in the framework of a presidential representative democratic republic whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the bicameral People's Consultative Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Tricameralism is the practice of having three legislative or parliamentary chambers. It is contrasted with unicameralism and bicameralism, each of which is far more common.
Legislative elections were held in on 5 April 2004 for both houses of the People's Consultative Assembly of Indonesia. This included all 550 seats in the People's Representative Council and 128 seats of the newly-formed Regional Representative Council.
The House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia is one of two elected chambers of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the national legislature of Indonesia. It is considered the lower house, while the Regional Representative Council (DPD) serve as the upper house; while the Indonesian constitution does not explicitly mention the divide, the DPR enjoys more power, privilege, and prestige compared to the DPD.
Elections in Indonesia have taken place since 1955 to elect a legislature. At a national level, Indonesian people did not elect a head of state – the president – until 2004. Since then, the president is elected for a five-year term, as are the 575-member People's Representative Council, the 136-seat Regional Representative Council, in addition to provincial and municipal legislative councils.
The term Government of the Republic of Indonesia can have a number of different meanings. At its widest, it can refer collectively to the three traditional branches of government – the executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch. The term is also used colloquially to mean the executive and legislature together, as these are the branches of government responsible for day-to-day governance of the nation and lawmaking. At its narrowest, the term is used to refer to the executive branch in form of the Cabinet of Indonesia as this is the branch of government responsible for day-to-day governance.
The People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia is the legislative branch in Indonesia's political system. It is composed of the members of the House of Representatives (DPR) and the Regional Representative Council (DPD). Before 2004, and the amendments to the 1945 Constitution, the MPR was the highest governing body in Indonesia.
The 1945 State Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is the supreme law and basis for all laws of Indonesia.
Law of Indonesia is based on a civil law system, intermixed with local customary law and Dutch law. Before the Dutch presence and colonization began in the sixteenth century, indigenous kingdoms ruled the archipelago independently with their own custom laws, known as adat. Foreign influences from India, China and the Middle East have not only affected culture, but also the customary adat laws. The people of Aceh in Sumatra, for instance, observe their own sharia law, while ethnic groups like the Toraja in Sulawesi still follow their animistic customary law.
The president of the Republic of Indonesia is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president leads the executive branch of the Indonesian government and is the commander-in-chief of Indonesian National Armed Forces and Indonesian National Police. Since 2004, the president and vice president are directly elected to a five-year term, once renewable, allowing for a maximum of 10 years in office. The current President of the Republic of Indonesia is Joko Widodo.
The Parliamentary Complex of Indonesia, also known as the MPR/DPR/DPD Building, is the seat of government for the Indonesian legislative branch of government, which consists of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the People's Representative Council (DPR) and the Regional Representative Council (DPD).
Ratu Hemas of Yogyakarta is Queen of Yogyakarta Sultanate as the wife of Sultan Hamengkubuwono X. She has also served as a senator of the Indonesian Regional Representative Council (DPD) from Yogyakarta since 2004. She served as a Deputy Speaker of the DPD from 2009 to 2019.
The House of Representatives of the United States of Indonesia was one of the two national legislative assemblies in the United States of Indonesia (RUSI). The council was formed after the establishment of the Indonesian federal state, consisting of 150 members.
The Provisional House of Representatives was the first Indonesian legislature under the Provisional Constitution of 1950. The council was formed after the transition of Indonesia to a unitary state on 17 August 1950. The council initially consisted of 236 members, with 213 remaining before the council's dissolution in 1956.
The Constitution of Indonesia has been amended four times since its creation, all of which were approved by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) during the 1999 – 2002 period.
Sientje Sondakh Mandey, more colloquially referred to as Sientje, is a Christian Indonesian Politician from the province of North Sulawesi. She served in the Regional Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia from 2004 until 2009, and again from 2013 until 2014, following the death of Ferry Tinggogoy. She was the wife of the now deceased former governor of North Sulawesi, Adolf Jouke Sondakh. Born in Manado, North Sulawesi, she enrolled at Sam Ratulangi University. However, she didn't finish her degree, instead, she discontinued her education until 1985, when she attended Indonesia Open University, and graduated in 1990.
The People's Consultative Assembly, the bicameral legislature of Indonesia, passed a series of resolutions of the People's Consultative Assembly or TAP MPR throughout the 1960s, to the very last issued in 2003.
Banten III is an electoral district in Indonesia which encompasses the cities of Tangerang and South Tangerang, along with Tangerang Regency. It currently sends 10 members to the People's Representative Council.
In Indonesia, a Regional House of Representatives is the unicameral legislative body of an Indonesian national subdivision, at either the provincial or at the regency/city level. They are based on the amended Constitution of Indonesia, which mandated the creation of such bodies for local governance. The legislatures are present in all Indonesian provinces, and all second-level subdivisions except for the constituent municipalities of Jakarta.