Renewable energy in Spain

Renewable Energy in Spain [1]
Renewable Energy (RE)
RE as % of Gross Final Energy Consumption.	21.2% (2020)
NREAP target for above:	20.0% (2020)
Renewable Electricity
Percentage electricity generated by RE.	46.7% (2021)
RE generated / Total electricity generation.	111,459/266,867 GWh Net(2014) [2]
Record % RE covered electricity consumption	70.4% (21/11/15 wind only) [3]
Installed capacity (2020)
Wind Power	26.7 GW
Bio Energy	1 GW
Solar Power	12.5 GW
Hydro Power	20.0 GW
Geothermal	0 GW
Total renewable	60.2 GW

Spain, along with other European Union States, has a target of generating 32% of all its energy needs from renewable energy sources by 2030. ^[4] A previous target of 20% for 2020, ^[5] with an additional 0.8% available for other EU countries under the cooperation mechanism, was reached and slightly surpassed. ^{[6] [7] [8]} In 2021, renewables generated 46.7% of Spain's electricity needs, the largest part of it from wind power (23.3%), followed by hydroelectric (11.4%), solar (9.9%), and other renewables (2.2%). ^{[9] [10]} In 2023, the share of electricity generated from renewable sources rose to 50.8%, reflecting the country's progress towards its decarbonisation goals. ^[11]

Development

Andasol is the first parabolic trough power plant in Europe, and Andasol 1 went online in March 2009. Because of the high altitude (1,100 m) and the semi-arid climate, the site has exceptionally high annual direct insolation of 2,200 kWh/m per year.

PS10 solar power plant

In 2019, the contribution of renewable energy sources to electricity generation was significant, comprising 101.1 Terawatt-hours (TWh) or 37.3% of the overall electricity production. The distribution of this contribution across different types of renewable energy was as follows: wind power led with 55.7 TWh, followed by hydroelectric power at 24.7 TWh, solar energy at 15.1 TWh, and bioenergy at 5.6 TWh.  This is comparable to the International Energy Agency (IEA) median for 2019, which stood at 38% of electricity generation from renewables. ^[12]

In the early 2000s, the growth of wind power contributed to an increase in Spain's renewable electricity production. By 2019, wind and solar energy made up 21% and 6% of total electricity generation, respectively. The installation of photovoltaic (PV) plants beginning in 2007 played a key role in this increase, doubling the renewables' share in Spain's electricity mix from 20% in 2008 to 40% in 2013. After this period of growth, the share of renewables in Spain's electricity generation leveled off, reaching 37% by 2019. ^[12]

Spain's renewable energy sector has undergone significant shifts, initially driven by the 1997 Special Regime and Royal Decree 661/2007, which promoted considerable growth in wind and solar PV installations through favorable conditions and feed-in tariffs. However, the dynamics of the sector shifted following legislative reforms in 2012, marked by the enactment of Law 24/2013 and Royal Decree 413/2014. These reforms introduced a new financial framework for the electricity market, modifying compensation mechanisms for renewable sources, which led to a deceleration in new developments. Consequently, the rapid increase in renewable capacity, notably in wind energy, from 2.2 GW in 2000 to 23.0 GW in 2013, slowed, with only a slight rise to 23.4 GW by 2018. Solar PV installations experienced a similar trend. ^[12]

In 2015 solar power suddenly demonstrated a possible way through the impasse. The continued fall in prices for solar systems and Spain's abundant sunshine led to prices for solar power reaching grid price parity. Suddenly there was the potential for sustained and spontaneous growth in solar installations in Spain as households and producers could produce power more economically. However, the Spanish government introduced what has been dubbed the world's first "sun tax" on solar installations making them economically less viable as well as draconian fines (up to 60 million Euros) for anyone not complying with the tax.^{[ citation needed ]}

The tax has proved highly controversial. On the one hand, the government has argued that those generating their own power still rely on the national grid for power backup and so should be liable for contributing to the cost. On the other hand, the solar industry has argued that the government is simply trying to protect the centralised established power producers whose revenues would be threatened by this competitive solar threat. Environmentalists have criticised the tax for artificially blocking Spain from continuing its long standing movement to renewable energy production.^{[ citation needed ]}

Whatever the merits of both arguments, the controversy can only become more heightened as the price of solar energy continues to fall and if PV solar power installed capacity in Spain were to continue sliding down the EU league from 12th position in 2014 (102.9 kW per 1000 inhabitants). In the same year in terms of wind energy production Spain was much stronger in 3rd position (495 kW per 1000 inhabitants).^{[ citation needed ]}

In November 2018 the Government of Pedro Sánchez took the first step repealing the so-called 'sun tax', approved by the previous Government of Mariano Rajoy in 2015. With the new regulation, Spain leaves behind the era of punishment for self-consumption energy production which froze solar power and renewable energy development for many years in the face of EU and national controversy. ^[13] A new chapter of opportunity is finally returning to the renewable energy sector in Spain.

Spain is advancing Europe's energy autonomy with Iberdrola's renewable energy projects, supported by a €1 billion loan from the European Investment Bank in a deal signed in June 2023. Iberdrola plans to build 19 solar photovoltaic power plants and three onshore wind farms in Spain, Portugal, and Germany, with a total capacity of nearly 2.2 gigawatts. These projects aim to generate 4 terawatt-hours of electricity, equal to the annual consumption of over 1 million households. Importantly, 70% of these installations will be in rural areas affected by the transition to net-zero emissions, fostering regional development. To ensure a stable power supply, Iberdrola will integrate hybrid battery systems into its photovoltaic projects. These plants are expected to be operational by the end of 2028, aligning with the European Commission's REPowerEU plan to reduce fossil fuel imports and accelerate the green transition. ^[14]

Energy consumption by sector

Projected total gross final energy consumption by sector in 2020 (calculated as per NREAP criteria.)

  Heating and cooling (32.5%)

  Electricity (33.6%)

  Transport (33.9%)

All EU countries as well as Iceland and Norway submitted National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs) ^[15] to outline the steps taken, and projected progress by each country between 2010 and 2020 to meet the Renewable Energy Directive. Each plan contains a detailed breakdown of each country's current renewable energy usage and plans for future developments. According to projections by the updated Spanish submission dated 20/12/11 by 2020 the gross final energy consumption in Spain by sector breaks down as follows.

Projected energy use by sector in 2020 [6]	ktoe	RE 2020 target	RE 2020 consumption [16]
Heating and cooling	30,929	17.3%	18%
Electricity	31,961	39.0%	42.9%
Transport	32.301	11.3%	9.5%
Gross final energy consumption*	98.693	20.0%	21.2%

• Including losses and adjustments

According to NREAP criteria around a third of energy consumption (32.5%) is used in the heating and cooling sector. The heating and cooling sector (also known as the thermal sector) includes domestic heating and air conditioning, industrial processes such as furnaces and any use of heat generally. The electricity sector and transport sector are also projected to account for around a third of energy consumption each at 33.6% and 33.9% respectively. The proportion of energy use in each sector is similar to that of 2016. In order to meet Spain's overall target for 20% use of renewable energy (it was just 8.3% in 2005) in gross final energy consumption (20,505 ktoe) by 2020 targets have been set for each sector as follows: 17.3% renewable energy use in the heating and cooling sector, 39% in the electricity sector and 11.3% in the transport sector. ^[17] Total annual energy consumption is projected to be 98,693 ktoe (98.7 million tonnes of oil equivalent) by 2020. The report expected Spain to produce a surplus of 0.8% above the 20% target (20.8% total) for renewable energy use which would be available for other countries to meet their renewable energy targets under the "cooperation mechanism".

The energy measures above are gross final energy consumption. Another broader measure, primary energy consumption also includes energy used in the extraction of fuels (the energy sector) and energy lost in transformation (the transformation sector, i.e. converting heat to electricity in power plants or fuel energy to heat in heating plants) as well as gross final energy consumption for end users. Under the European Union Energy Efficiency Directive EU countries submit their Energy Efficiency Plans every three years and Energy Efficiency Annual Reports every year. According to Spain's 2016 Energy Efficiency Annual Report the country's total final energy consumption in 2014 was 79.2 Mtoes whilst its primary energy consumption was 112.6 Mtoes. ^[18] Most of the approximately 42% difference is accounted for in losses in the transformation sector. These losses are likely to be most prevalent in thermal electricity sectors, thus the use of renewable electricity will reduce CO₂ emissions and fuels lost in the energy and transformation sectors as well as those in final consumption. By using more efficient thermal generation the potential remains to reduce energy wastage by almost a third and to cut CO₂ emissions accordingly.

Electricity Sector

Components of renewable electricity coverage in Spain 2015.

In 2015, wind power provided the largest share at 19.1% followed by hydroelectric power at 11.1%. Solar power provided 5.2% and renewable thermal a further 2%. The total electricity supplied (demand coverage) from renewables was 37.4% of Spain's requirements in 2015. The current generational mix of electricity production can be checked in real time on the Red Electrica de Espana website. ^[20]

Sharp variation from one year to the next is largely due to the substantial differences in hydroelectric production from one year to the next. Excluding hydroelectric production electricity generation from renewable energy sources grew from around 10 percent ^[21] in 2006 to 26.3 percent of demand coverage in 2015. Most of the growth occurred in the years leading up to 2012 with little change in baseline capacity between 2012 and 2015. Renewable energy generated electricity had a record year in 2014 when it supplied 42.8% of Spain's national demand.

Total annual net generation from renewable sources has grown from around 60 TWh in 2007 to close to 100-110 TWh in the years 2013–2015. Wind power overtook hydroelectric power as the largest source of renewable electricity from around 2008 onwards to produce around 50 TWh from 2013 onwards. Hydroelectric power remains to second largest source typically generating between 25 and 45 TWh per year depending on whether the year is a wet or dry one. Solar PV power grew from just 484 GWh in 2007 to 8,202 GWh by 2012 and has remained at a similar level through to 2015. Solar thermal power grew from almost no presence at 8 GWh in 2007 to 5,085 GWh by 2015. Renewable thermal and other sources have grown from around 2,589 GWh in 2007 to 4,625 GWh in 2015. Total electricity generation from all sources has fallen in Spain from 288 TWh in 2007 to 267 TWh by 2015, a fall of around 7%.

Electricity coverage by renewables (%) ^{[19] [22] [23] [24]}

Heating and cooling sector

Renewable energy in the heating and cooling sector, final energy consumption 2014 ^[1]

Source	ktoe	Estimated share of total sector (all sources)
Biomass	3,862	13.65%
of which: -solid biomass	3,761	13.29%
-biogas	101	0.36%
-bio liquids	0	0%
RE from heat pumps	332	1.17%
Solar Energy	259	0.92%
Geothermal	19	0.07%
Total	4,471	15.80%

Overall share of energy use in the heating and cooling sector from renewable sources ^[1]

Year	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
Percentage of total sector	13.5%	14.0%	14.0%	15.6%	16.9%	15.9%	16.2%	16.1%	17.2%	18.0%

Every two years all EU countries as well as Iceland and Norway submit Progress Reports outlining their renewable energy development and movement towards meeting their 2020 renewable energy targets. According to the Spanish progress reports between 2011 and 2014 renewable energy share in the heating and cooling sector grew from 13.6% to 15.8%. In 2014 biomass provided the largest share of RE in the heating and cooling sector at approximately 13.65% of the total, equating to 3.862 million tonnes of oil equivalent. RE from heat pumps provided a little over 1% of the total sector, solar and geothermal power provided a contribution of 0.92% and 0.07% respectively.

Transport sector

Renewable energy in the transport sector, 2014 ^[1]

Confirmed renewable sources	ktoe
Renewable electricity	119
Hydrogen	0
Total (Confirmed)	119.7
*Unconfirmed renewable biofuels sources	ktoe
Biodiesels	536
Bioethanol	186
HVO (hydro treated vegetable oil)	289
Total (Unconfirmed)	1,010

According to the third Spanish submission of EU country Progress Reports covering the years 2013 and 2014 renewable energy use in the transport sector in Spain and Brazil included renewable electricity accounting for energy use of 119.7 k toe. *The bio fuels listed in the report and the table above had not been confirmed as coming from sustainable sources and were awaiting assessment and possible confirmation and as such are not yet able to be confirmed as renewable energy sources. They are included for information about the sector. The total energy from bio fuels were 1,010 k toe in 2014. Renewable electricity accounted for 0.5% of the total fuel use in the transport sector (using 2020 EU target criteria). A rough calculation would imply that if the bio fuels are finally confirmed as renewable sources then the total renewable energy use in the transport sector would come to approximately 4.7% of the total in 2014.

Sources

Wind power

Main article: Wind power in Spain

In 2014 Spain was the world's fourth biggest producer of wind power. In that year, the year-end installed capacity was 23 GW and the annual production was 51,439 GWh, a share of total electricity consumption of 21.1%. ^[25] Installed capacity grew from around 0.8GW in 1998 to approximately 23 GW by 2012. As can be seen from the graph, virtually no new wind power has been installed from 2012 to 2017.

Wind power installed capacity (MW) ^[26]

Hydroelectric Power

Installed capacity of hydroelectric power has grown by small incremental amounts annually since 2006 from 18,1815 MW in 2006 to 19,468 MW in 2014. Between 2014 and 2015 there was a significant growth in pumped storage generation of 850 MW. Total capacity reached 20,336 MW in 2015.

Hydroelectric installed capacity (MW) ^[26]

Annual electricity generation from hydroelectric sources varies considerably from year to year. A rough calculation shows that the contribution to total net generation varied approximately between 9-17 percent annually. This variation helps explain the fluctuating annual figures for total renewable energy in Spain. Production in 2012 was a little over half that of 2010 at just 24,100 gW/h.

Solar power

Main article: Solar power in Spain

In 2005 Spain became the first country in Europe to require the installation of photovoltaic electricity generation in new buildings, and the second in the world (after Israel) to require the installation of solar hot water systems. ^[27] With the construction of the PS10, located near Seville, Spain became the first country to ever have a commercial solar energy power tower. ^[28] In recent years there has been much controversy over a tax on PV power generation as the cost of PV solar installations has reached grid parity in Spain according to several sources. Solar power first began to be installed significantly in 2006 with 136 MW installed capacity before rising rapidly to 6,949 MW by 2013. Little change in installed capacity occurred between 2013 and 2018, but between 2019 and 2022 Spain doubled its capacity.

Solar power installed capacity (MW) ^[26]

Renewable Thermal

In 2014 biomass and biogas contributed to around 2% of electricity generation in Spain as well as 13.65% of heat consumed in the heating and cooling sector. In terms of the energy provided to each sector in ktoe (thousand tonnes of oil equivalent), the fuels provided over nine times more energy to the heating and cooling sector.

Renewable thermal installed capacity (MW) ^[26]

Production by region

Production by source and Autonomous Community:

The following two tables show a snapshot of the generation of electricity from renewable sources in Spain at the end of 2006 and the end of 2013. In 2006 two regions were generating around 70 percent of electricity demand from renewables. By 2013 four regions were generating more electricity from renewables than the total demand within each region. The leading region was Castile and León which generated 164 percent of its total electricity demand.

Renewable Electricity in Spain (GWh, 2006 data) ^[29]

Autonomous Community	Hydroelectric power (Nationwide)	Wind power	Solar power - all	Biomass power	Solid waste power	Total Renewable Generation	Total Electricity Demand	% Renewable of Total Electricity Demand
Castile and León	6960	3840	14	274	87	11175	15793	70.8%
Galicia	7561	5970	1	242	317	14091	20279	69.5%
La Rioja	124	897	1	3	2	1027	1860	55.2%
Aragón	3073	3342	1	63	8	6487	11885	54.6%
Navarre	379	2248	28	269	0	2924	5401	54.1%
Extremadura	2244	0	1	0	0	2245	5076	44.2%
Castile-La Mancha	710	3935	8	99	34	4786	12686	37.7%
Asturias	1680	357	0	221	400	2658	12391	21.5%
Cantabria	875	0	0	11	41	927	5693	16.3%
Catalonia	3223	301	7	77	241	3849	48498	7.9%
Andalusia	946	1042	5	728	0	2721	40737	6.7%
Basque Country	336	339	3	55	326	1059	20934	5.1%
Valencia	1041	266	13	55	0	1375	27668	5.0%
Canary Islands	0	288	0	0	0	288	9372	3.1%
Balearic Islands	0	5	0	0	133	138	6235	2.2%
Murcia	65	93	6	12	0	176	8334	2.1%
Madrid	83	0	8	58	330	479	30598	1.6%
Ceuta & Melilla	0	0	0	0	2	2	391	0.5%
SPAIN	29301	22924	97	2167	1921	56410	283829	19.9%

Renewable Electricity in Spain (GWh, 2013 data) ^[30]

Autonomous Community	Hydroelectric power	Hydroelectric power (special regime)	Wind power	Solar thermal	Solar PV	All - Renewable Thermal	Total Renewable Generation	Total Electricity Demand	% Renewable of Total Electricity Demand
Castilla y León	7955	628	12681	0	848	181	22293	13586	164.09%
Extremadura	2855	38	0	1649	1110	150	5802	4586	126.52%
Castilla-La Mancha	551	491	8657	678	1697	238	12312	11745	104.83%
Galicia	8226	1844	9496	0	20	597	20183	19538	103.30%
Aragón	3594	1013	4869	0	309	228	10013	10190	98.26%
Navarra	146	627	2665	0	295	304	4037	4720	85.53%
La Rioja	106	68	1078	0	130	12	1394	1655	84.23%
Asturias	1911	331	1142	0	1	666	4051	10527	38.48%
Andalucía	1303	331	6987	1988	1586	1764	13959	37280	37.44%
Cantabria	611	279	75	0	2	82	1049	4462	23.51%
Cataluña	4607	1099	3195	74	431	259	9665	47122	20.51%
Región de Murcia	76	56	544	43	802	58	1579	7801	20.24%
Comunidad Valenciana	1584	25	2595	10	564	53	4831	25615	18.86%
Canarias	0	3	364	0	287	8	662	8625	7.68%
País Vasco	375	168	356	0	28	187	1114	17316	6.43%
Baleares	0	0	6	0	122	1	129	5674	2.27%
Comunidad de Madrid	69	100	0	0	92	286	547	30169	1.81%
Ceuta y Melilla	0	0	0	0	0.1	0	0.1	412	0.02%
SPAIN	33970	7102	54708	4442	8324	5073	113619	261023	43.53%

Targets and progress

Targets

Renewable energy target trajectory NREAP report 20/12/11. ^[15]

	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
Renewable energy share of heating and cooling sector	8.9%	11.0%	11.3%	11.7%	12.1%	12.5%	13.4%	14.3%	15.1%	15.8%	16.5%	17.3%
Renewable energy share of electricity sector	18.4%	29.2%	31.0%	32.0%	32.7%	33.5%	34.1%	34.4%	35.5%	36.4%	37.4%	39.0%
Renewable energy share of transport sector	0.8%	5.0%	7.1%	7.6%	7.8%	8.0%	8.3%	8.7%	9.1%	9.6%	10.2%	11.3%
Renewable energy share of total energy consumption	8.2%	13.2%	14.4%	15.1%	15.6%	16.1%	16.7%	17.3%	18.1%	18.9%	19.7%	20.8%

The table above shows the expected trajectory for shares of renewable energy in the three sectors as well as the overall target trajectory. The information represents the Spanish submission as one of the European country National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPS). Overall between 2005 and 2020 renewable energy sources are expected to rise from 8.2% of total energy use in 2005 to 20.8% of energy use by 2020.

Progress

Renewable energy Progress Report Spain, 2013–16. ^[1]

	2013	2014	2015	2016
Renewable energy share of heating and cooling sector	14.1%	15.8%	16.8%	16.8%
Renewable energy share of electricity sector	36.7%	37.8%	36.9%	36.6%
Renewable energy share of transport sector	0.5%	0.5%	1.2%	5.3%†
Renewable energy share of total energy consumption	15.3%	16.2%	16.2%	17.3%

† 2016 was the first year in which the contribution of biofuels was counted in the transport sector.

According to the third Spanish submission of EU country Progress Reports, (submitted every 2 years), covering the years 2013 and 2014, the country achieved renewable energy shares in each sector as listed in the table above. Spain has a 20.8% renewable energy target in its total energy in order to meet the European Union renewable energy targets for 2020. By 2014 Spain had achieved a 16.2% share of total energy use. Most of the growth occurred in the electricity sector which has grown from 18.4% of the total sector in 2005 to 37.8% by 2014.. During the same period the thermal sector registered a smaller rise from 8.9% to 15.8%. The transport sector remains well below its target trajectory at just 0.5% in 2014, although this may improve if Spanish biofuel use is confirmed as coming from sustainable sources to a level of roughly equal to 4.7% of the sector (see transport sector heading above). Spain's overall target for renewable energy use across all sectors stood at 16.2% of the total in 2014, just above its trajectory target and not a long way short of its 20.8% target for 2020.

See also

• Renewable energy portal

• Iberdrola Renovables
• Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía (IDAE)
• Wind power in Spain
• Solar power in Spain
• Renewable energy by country
• Renewable energy in the European Union
• Wind power in the European Union
• Solar power in the European Union

References

1. "SHARES (Renewables) - Energy - Eurostat" . Retrieved 6 February 2022.
2. "Elaborated data: Red Electrica De Espana, Publicaciones, Indicadores nacionales Data sheet for "Balances de energía eléctrica" March 2016 Accessed 5/5/16".
3. "Red Electrica de Espana Corporate Responsibility Report 2015" (PDF).
4. "Share of energy consumption from renewable sources in Europe". www.eea.europa.eu. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
5. DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL, 23 April 2009 ,p31
6. "National Renewable Energy Action Plans, Directive 2009/28/EC". 29 June 2023.
7. "Share of renewable energy in the EU up to 19.7% in 2019". ec.europa.eu. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
8. "EU overachieves 2020 renewable energy target". ec.europa.eu. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
9. "In 2021, Spain was the European country that generated the second highest amount of electricity with wind and solar power | Red Eléctrica". www.ree.es. Red Eléctrica de España. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
10. Informe resumen de energías renovables 2021 (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Red Eléctrica de España. June 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
11. "Spain produced just over half of electricity from renewable sources in 2023". Reuters. 19 December 2023.
12. "Spain 2021 - Energy Policy Review" (PDF). International Energy Agency (IEA). 2021.
13. Valdivia, Ana Garcia. "Renewable Energy In Spain: From The 'Sun Tax' To The Promotion Of Collective Self-Consumption". Forbes. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
14. "Spain renewables projects strengthen Europe energy autonomy". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
15. "National Action Plans, European Commission". 29 June 2023.
16. "SHARES summary results 2020".
17. "Spanish National Renewable Energy Action Plan, Directive 2009/28/EC". 29 June 2023.
18. "European Commission, National Energy Efficiency Action Plans and Annual Reports". 29 June 2023.
19. Preliminary Report 2015, Red Electrica Espana
20. current mix of electricity generation
21. Annual Report 2007, Red Electrica de Espana, figure for wind power only, excludes very small contribution from other sources.
22. Corporate Responsibility Report 2009, p91, Red Eléctrica Corporación
23. Preliminary Report 2013, p12, Red Eléctrica de España
24. Corporate Responsibility Report 2014, p61, Red Eléctrica de España
25. The Spanish Electricity System Preliminary Report 2014 (PDF), Red Eléctrica de España (REE), 2014
26. "Series estadísticas nacionales". Red Eléctrica de España. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
27. REN21: Renewables Global Status Report - Update 2006 Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
28. "beyondfossilfuel.com".
29. Red Eléctrica de España Annual Report 2006 Archived 30 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
30. Red Electrica de Espana, Annual Report 2013

External links

• Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain (Green Peace).
• Protermosolar.
• Renewable Energy in Spain: Details on the Government's New feed-in tariff (FIT) Regulation
• ISTAS analysis of the flawed Calzada report. In Spanish.
• Spain Rejects Calzada "Spanish Jobs" Study. - NRDC summary of the response of the Spanish government and ISTAS to the Calzada report.
• US National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Response to the Report Study of the Effects on Employment of Public Aid to Renewable Energy Sources from King Juan Carlos University (Spain), authors Eric Lantz and Suzanne Tegen, White Paper NREL/TP-6A2-46261, August 2009
• Red Electrica de Espana
• Renewable Energy National Action Plans, European Commission
• Energy Efficiency Directive, European Commission
• National Energy Efficiency Action Plans and Annual Reports, European Commission
• Renewable Energy Progress Reports by country, European Commission