Sonia Chadwick HawkesFSA (5 November 1933 –30 May 1999) was a British archaeologist specialising in early Anglo-Saxon archaeology.[4] She led excavations on Anglo-Saxon cemeteries at Finglesham in Kent and Worthy Park in Hampshire. She was described by fellow medieval archaeologist Paul Ashbee as a "discerning systematiser of the great array of Anglo-Saxon grave furnishings".[5]
Born Sonia Elizabeth Chadwick,on 5 November 1933 in Crayford,she was the only child of Albert Andrew Chadwick and Doris Chadwick (formerly Doris Benger). The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography notes that Albert Andrew Chadwick was an engineer,but gives no information on Doris Chadwick beyond her name.[6]
Sonia Chadwick excavated at Lullingstone Roman Villa (Kent) as a school girl,and at an early medieval site at Morgan Porth (Cornwall) from 1951 to 1953. The experience at Morgan Porth shaped her later interest in early medieval archaeology.[7] She studied English at Bedford College,University of London,[8] before undertaking postgraduate research supervised by Vera I. Evison.[9]
Chadwick contributed to the inaugural volume of Medieval Archaeology in 1957,published by the recently established Society for Medieval Archaeology,editing a posthumous article on the early medieval art of the Jutes from Anglo-SaxonistEdward Thurlow Leeds.[11] Chadwick's early research explored the decorated metalwork found in early medieval graves. She produced a study reassessing 1920s finds from the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Finglesham,a prelude to her own excavations there from 1959.[4] The field of Anglo-Saxon archaeology developed significantly in the early 20th century with systematic approaches to data;Hawkes was part of a wave of archaeologists including J. N. L. Myres,Vera Evison,and Audrey Meaney who continued this trend,investigating cemeteries to explore the history of England in the early Middle Ages.[12]
Sonia Chadwick worked at the Scunthorpe Museum (later renamed the North Lincolnshire Museum) from 1958 to 1959 as a curator.
In 1958,she was appointed curator of Scunthorpe Museum.[6] The museum took over excavations at an Anglian cemetery in Fonaby,Lincolnshire;Chadwick was responsible for the finds and began indexing them –a project which was built on by Alison M. Cook and the finished product published more than two decades later.[13]
Chadwick spoke about the work at Longbridge Deverill at the "Problems relating to the Iron Age in Southern Britain" conference in December that year,organised by the Council for British Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology in Oxford.[14] Chadwick met fellow archaeologist Christopher Hawkes at the conference and they married in January 1959.[15] She left Scunthorpe Museum in 1959 to join the Institute of Archaeology at the University of Oxford,where Christopher lectured,as a research assistant. She remained with the institute,later becoming a lecturer,until she retired in 1994.[6] Christopher joined Sonia at Longbridge Deverill for the final season of excavation in 1960,[16] which Paul Ashbee described as a "honeymoon joint enterprise".[17]
In 1964,Sonia Chadwick Hawkes discovered a gold buckle with a figure dubbed the Finglesham Man. The buckle is on display in the Ashmolean Museum.
Hawkes' research focus was on Anglo Saxon cemeteries in Kent.[8] A major piece of work on Late Roman zoomorphic belt fittings,"Soldiers and settlers",prompted much debate. Written in collaboration with Gerald Dunning,the paper was also translated into German.[4] In the 1960s Hawkes began a reassessment of material excavated at Sarre and Bifrons in the 19th century. The results were not published in her lifetime.[4]
In 1973 Hawkes was appointed lecturer in European archaeology at the University of Oxford.[6]Updown early medieval cemetery in Kent was discovered that year,about a mile from the Finglesham cemetery. Hawkes became interested in the site due to its proximity to Finglesham where she had already worked;she worked with the owners and they commissioned her to conduct a rescue excavation in 1976 ahead of the East Kent Water Board's plans to run a pipeline through the site. The work uncovered 36 graves,but further excavation was curtailed after one of the landowners died,and Hawkes spent time publishing the results of the excavation.[19][20]
The 1970s saw an increasing number of studies in the field of Anglo-Saxon archaeology;in the context of creating new venues for publication of detailed studies,Hawkes supported the foundation of the British Archaeological Reports book series. She had an advisory editorial role and the first book in the series was written by one of Hawkes' research students,Tania Dickinson.[21] In 1979 she co-founded the publication series Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History with James Campbell and David Brown,[4] and organised a series of interdisciplinary seminars and conferences in Anglo Saxon studies.[17] The first two volumes of Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History were published in the British Archaeological Reports book series.[21]
Sonia collaborated with her husband,Christopher Hawkes,as a researcher and they co-edited Greeks,Celts and Romans[5] and Christopher contributed a section to Sonia's article on the Finglesham Man.[22] Christopher's health began declining in the 1980s,and around this time Sonia and he spent time travelling in Europe.[5] As Christopher's health worsened,Sonia spent more time caring for him and less time on research. After his death in 1992,Sonia "was tireless in... ordering his books and papers".[5]
Hawkes took early retirement in 1994.[4][6] She married Svetislav Petkovic in May 1995;Petkovic was a retired factory inspector.[6] Sonia Petkovic died in Oxford on 30 May 1999,having been diagnosed with cancer.[4][7]
Reception and legacy
At the time of her death,Hawkes had several unpublished projects,including a full write-up of the excavations at the early medieval cemetery at Finglesham.[9] The Sonia Hawkes Archive,containing notes on unpublished excavations,was established at the University of Oxford. Helena Hamerow,a professor of medieval archaeology and a former student of Hawkes,led a project to digitise the archive with funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council and the Römisch-Germanische Kommission.[23][24] A number of Hawkes' works were bought to publication posthumously.
In December 2001,the Institute of Archaeology dedicated a plaque and a 1937 lithograph by Paul Nash,Landscape of the Megaliths,to the memory of Christopher and Sonia Hawkes.[25][26] An edited volume was published in her honour in 2007,edited by Martin Henig and Tyler Jo Smith.[27]
Hawkes, S. C. (1969). "Finds from two Middle Bronze Age pits at Winnall, Winchester, Hampshire." Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society 26: 5–18.
Hawkes, S. C. and Page, R. I. (1967). Swords and runes in south-east England. The Antiquaries Journal 47 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1017/S000358150001341X
Charles Francis Christopher Hawkes, FBA, FSA was an English archaeologist specialising in European prehistory. He was Professor of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford from 1946 to 1972.
The year 1976 in archaeology involved some significant events.
The year 1959 in archaeology involved some significant events.
The year 1961 in archaeology involved some significant events.
The year 1964 in archaeology involved some significant events.
The year 1956 in archaeology involved some significant events.
Finglesham is a village in the civil parish of Northbourne, and near Deal in Kent, England, which was the location of the Finglesham Anglo-Saxon cemetery, site of a seventh-century Anglo-Saxon archaeology find known as "Finglesham man," as described in 1965 by Sonia Chadwick Hawkes and Hilda Ellis Davidson. The village takes its name from the Old English Pengles-ham, meaning 'prince's manor', with the Anglo-Saxon cemetery containing a number of aristocratic burials. The population of the village is included in the civil parish of Northbourne.
Longbridge Deverill is a village and civil parish about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south of Warminster in Wiltshire, England. It is on the A350 primary route which connects the M4 motorway and west Wiltshire with Poole, Dorset.
Bryan Faussett was an English antiquary. Faussett formed a collection that was rich in Anglo-Saxon objects of personal adornment, such as pendants, brooches, beads and buckles. He discovered the Kingston Brooch, the largest known Anglo-Saxon composite brooch. At the time of his death he had the world's largest collection of Anglo-Saxon items.
Helena Francisca Hamerow, is an American archaeologist, best known for her work on the archeology of early medieval communities in Northwestern Europe. She is Professor of Early Medieval archaeology and former Head of the School of Archaeology, University of Oxford.
Edward Thurlow Leeds was an English archaeologist and museum curator. He was Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum from 1928 to 1945.
Audrey Lilian Meaney was an archaeologist and historian specialising in the study of Anglo-Saxon England. She published several books on the subject, including Gazetteer of Early Anglo-Saxon Burial Sites (1964) and Anglo-Saxon Amulets and Curing Stones (1981).
George Speake, is an English art historian and archaeologist. He is an Honorary Research Fellow at the Institute of Archaeology at Oxford, and "a leading authority on Anglo-Saxon animal art." Currently Speake is the Anglo-Saxon Art and Iconography Specialist for the Staffordshire Hoard conservation team, and is working on the reconstruction of the Staffordshire helmet.
Finglesham Anglo-Saxon cemetery is a place of burial that was used from the sixth to the eighth centuries CE. It is located adjacent to the village of Finglesham, near Sandwich in Kent, South East England. Belonging to the Anglo-Saxon period, it was part of the much wider tradition of burial in Early Anglo-Saxon England.
Buckland Anglo-Saxon cemetery was a place of burial. It is located on Long Hill in the town of Dover in Kent, South East England. Belonging to the Anglo-Saxon period, it was part of the much wider tradition of burial in Early Anglo-Saxon England.
Fordcroft Anglo-Saxon cemetery was a place of burial. It is located in the town of Orpington in South East London, South-East England. Belonging to the Middle Anglo-Saxon period, it was part of the much wider tradition of burial in Early Anglo-Saxon England. Fordcroft was a mixed inhumation and cremation ceremony.
Mill Hill Anglo-Saxon cemetery is a place of burial located close to the town of Deal in Kent, South-East England. Belonging to the Middle Anglo-Saxon period, it was part of the much wider tradition of burial in Early Anglo-Saxon England.
Tania Marguerite Dickinson is a British archaeologist specialising in early-medieval Britain. Dickinson undertook undergraduate study at St. Anne's College, Oxford and postgraduate study at the Institute of Archaeology (Oxford). Her doctoral thesis, titled The Anglo-Saxon burial sites of the upper Thames region, and their bearing on the history of Wessex, circa AD 400-700, was supervised by Sonia Chadwick Hawkes and Christopher Hawkes.
A 7th-century cemetery was discovered in Updown, Kent, United Kingdom, in the 1970s. It was excavated by Sonia Chadwick Hawkes and Brian Philp in advance of development. Part of the cemetery is protected as a scheduled monument, and its full extent may encompass around 300 graves. 78 of the graves have been excavated.
Davison, David (2007). "Preface". In Henig, Martin; Smith, Tyler Jo (eds.). Collectanea Antiqua: Essays in Memory of Sonia Chadwick Hawkes. BAR International Series. Vol.1673. Oxford: BAR Publishing. p.iii.
Hawkes, Nicolas (2002). "The Artist and the Archaeologist: A Presentation in Memory of Christopher and Sonia Hawkes". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 21 (3): 311–317. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00165. ISSN0262-5253.
Hawkes, Sonia Chadwick (2007). "Oxford University Lectureship in European Archaeology (Early Medieval Specialism)". In Henig, Martin; Smith, Tyler Jo (eds.). Collectanea Antiqua: Essays in Memory of Sonia Chadwick Hawkes. BAR International Series. Vol.1673. Oxford: BAR Publishing. pp.153–156.
Henig, Martin; Smith, Tyler Jo, eds. (2007a). Collectanea Antiqua: Essays in Memory of Sonia Chadwick Hawkes. BAR International Series. Vol.1673. Oxford: BAR Publishing. doi:10.30861/9781407301082. ISBN978-1-4073-3148-5.
Henig, Martin; Smith, Tyler Jo (2007b). "Introduction". In Henig, Martin; Smith, Tyler Jo (eds.). Collectanea Antiqua: Essays in Memory of Sonia Chadwick Hawkes. BAR International Series. Vol.1673. Oxford: BAR Publishing. pp.1–4.
Neuman de Vegvar, Carol (2019). "Beyond valkyries: drinking horns in Anglo-Saxon women's graves". In Scheck, Helene; Kozikowski, Christine E. (eds.). New Readings on Women and Early Medieval English Literature and Culture: Cross-Disciplinary Studies in Honour of Helen Damico. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp.43–60. doi:10.1017/9781641893329.004. ISBN9781641893329.
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