Standby power

Last updated

Standby power, also called vampire power [1] , vampire draw, phantom load, ghost load or leaking electricity refers to the way electric power is consumed by electronic and electrical appliances while they are switched off (but are designed to draw some power) or in standby mode. This only occurs because some devices claimed to be "switched off" on the electronic interface, but are in a different state. Switching off at the plug, or disconnecting from the power point, can solve the problem of standby power completely. In fact, switching off at the power point is effective enough, there is no need to disconnect all devices from the power point. Some such devices offer remote controls and digital clock features to the user, while other devices, such as power adapters for disconnected electronic devices, consume power without offering any features (sometimes called no-load power). All of the above examples, such as the remote control, digital clock functions and—in the case of adapters, no-load power—are switched off just by switching off at the power point. However, for some devices with built-in internal battery, such as a phone, the standby functions can be stopped by removing the battery instead.

Contents

In the past, standby power was largely a non-issue for users, electricity providers, manufacturers, and government regulators. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, awareness of the issue grew and it became an important consideration for all parties. Up to the middle of the decade, standby power was often several watts or even tens of watts per appliance. By 2010, regulations were in place in most developed countries restricting standby power of devices sold to one watt (and half that from 2013).

Definition

Standby power is electrical power used by appliances and equipment while switched off or not performing their primary function, often waiting to be activated by a remote controller. That power is consumed by internal or external power supplies, remote control receivers, text or light displays, circuits energized when the device is plugged in even when switched off. [2]

While this definition is inadequate for technical purposes, there is as yet no formal definition; an international standards committee is developing a definition and test procedure. [2]

The term is often used more loosely for any device that continuously must use a small amount of power even when not active; for example a telephone answering machine must be available at all times to receive calls, switching off to save power is not an option. Timers, powered thermostats, and the like are other examples. An uninterruptible power supply could be considered to be wasting standby power only when the computer it protects is off. Disconnecting standby power proper is at worst inconvenient; powering down completely, for example an answering machine not dealing with a call, renders it useless.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages

Standby power is often consumed for a purpose, although in the past there was little effort to minimize power used.

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of standby power mainly relate to the energy used. As standby power is reduced, the disadvantages become less. Older devices often used ten watts or more; with the adoption of the One Watt Initiative by many countries, standby energy use is much diminished.

Magnitude

Standby power makes up a portion of homes' miscellaneous electric load, which also includes small appliances, security systems, and other small power draws. The U.S. Department of Energy said in 2008:

"Many appliances continue to draw a small amount of power when they are switched off. These "phantom" loads occur in most appliances that use electricity, such as VCRs, televisions, stereos, computers, and kitchen appliances. This can be avoided by unplugging the appliance or using a power strip and using the switch on the power strip to cut all power to the appliance." [3]

Standby power used by older devices can be as high as 10–15 W per device, [4] while a modern HD LCD television may use less than 1 W in standby mode. Some appliances use no energy when turned off. Many countries adopting the One Watt Initiative now require new devices to use no more than 1 W starting in 2010, and 0.5 W in 2013.

Although the power needed for functions such as displays, indicators, and remote control functions is relatively small, the large number of such devices and their being continuously plugged in resulted in energy usage before the One Watt regulations of 8 to 22 percent of all appliance consumption in different countries, or 32 to 87 W. This was around 3–10 percent of total residential consumption. [5] In Britain in 2004 standby modes on electronic devices accounted for 8% of all British residential power consumption. [6] A similar study in France in 2000 found that standby power accounted for 7% of total residential consumption. [7]

In 2004, the California Energy Commission produced a report containing typical standby and operational power consumption for 280 different household devices, including baby monitors and toothbrush chargers. [8]

In 2006 some electronics, such as microwaves, CRTs and VHS players used more standby power than appliances manufactured in the previous five years. [9]

In the US the average home used an average of 10,649 kWh of electricity per year in 2019, down from 11,040 kWh in 2008. [10] [11] Each watt of power consumed by a device running continuously consumes about 9 kWh (1 W × 365.25 days/year × 24 hours/day) per year, a little less than one thousandth of the annual US household consumption. Unplugging a device constantly consuming standby power saves a yearly 9 kWh for each watt of continuous consumption (saving $1 per year at average US rates [12] ).

Devices such as security systems, fire alarms, and digital video recorders require continuous power to operate properly (though in the case of electric timers used to disconnect other devices on standby, they actually reduce total energy usage). The Reducing Consumption section below provides information on reducing standby power.

Fire risks

There is a risk of fire from devices in standby mode. There are reports of televisions, in particular, catching fire in standby mode. [13]

Before the development of modern semiconductor electronics it was not uncommon for devices, typically television receivers, to catch fire when plugged in but switched off, [14] sometimes when fully switched off rather than on standby. This is much less likely with modern equipment, but not impossible. Older cathode-ray tube display equipment (television and computer displays) had high voltages and currents, and were far more of a fire risk than thin panel LCD and other displays.

Contributing factors for electrical fires include:

Policy

The One Watt Initiative was launched by the IEA in 1999 to ensure through international cooperation that by 2010 all new appliances sold in the world only use one watt in standby mode. This would reduce CO2 emissions by 50 million tons in the OECD countries alone by 2010.

In July 2001 U.S. President George W. Bush signed an Executive Order directing federal agencies to "purchase products that use no more than one watt in their standby power consuming mode". [15]

In July 2007 California's 2005 appliance standards came into effect, limiting external power supply standby power to 0.5 watts. [16]

On 6 January 2010 the European Commission (EC) Regulation No 1275/2008 came into force. The regulations mandate that from 6 January 2010 "off mode" and standby power for electrical and electronic household and office equipment shall not exceed 1W, "standby plus" power (providing information or status display in addition to possible reactivation function) shall not exceed 2W. Equipment must where appropriate provide off mode and/or standby mode when the equipment is connected to the mains power source. These figures were halved on 6 January 2013. [17]

Determining standby power

Identifying devices

The following types of devices consume standby power.

Other devices consume standby power which is required for normal functioning that cannot be saved by switching off when not in use. For these devices electricity can only be saved by choosing units with minimal permanent power consumption:

Estimating standby power

Standby power consumption can be estimated using tables of standby power used by typical devices, [18] although standby power used by appliances of the same class vary extremely widely (for a CRT computer display standby power is listed at a minimum of 1.6 W, maximum 74.5 W). Total standby power can be estimated by measuring total house power with all devices standing by, then disconnected, [18] [19] but this method is inaccurate and subject to large errors and uncertainties. [8]

Measuring standby power

The power wasted in standby must go somewhere; it is dissipated as heat. The temperature, or simply perceived warmth, of a device on standby long enough to reach a stable temperature gives some idea of power wasted.

For most home applications, wattmeters give a good indication of energy used, and some indication of standby consumption.

A wattmeter is used to measure electrical power. Inexpensive plugin wattmeters, sometimes described as energy monitors, are available from prices of around US$10. Some more expensive models for home use have remote display units. In the US wattmeters can often also be borrowed from local power authorities [20] or a local public library. [21] [22] Although accuracy of measurement of low AC current and quantities derived from it, such as power, is often poor, these devices are nevertheless indicative of standby power, [23] if sensitive enough to register it. Some home power monitors simply specify an error figure such as 0.2%, without specifying the parameter subject to this error (e.g., voltage, easy to measure), and without qualification. [24] Errors of measurement at the low standby powers used from about 2010 (i.e., less than a few watts) may be a very large percentage of the actual value—accuracy is poor. [23] Modification of such meters to read standby power has been described and discussed in detail (with oscilloscope waveforms and measurements). [25] Essentially, the meter's shunt resistor, used to generate a voltage proportional to load current, is replaced by one of value typically 100 times larger, with protective diodes. Readings of the modified meter have to be multiplied by the resistance factor (e.g. 100), and maximum measurable power is reduced by the same factor.

Professional equipment capable of (but not specifically designed for) low-power measurements clarifies typically that the error is a percentage of full-scale value, or a percentage of reading plus a fixed amount, and valid only within certain limits.

In practice, accuracy of measurements by meters with poor performance at low power levels can be improved by measuring the power drawn by a fixed load such as an incandescent light bulb, adding the standby device, and calculating the difference in power consumption. [23]

Less expensive wattmeters may be subject to significant inaccuracy at low current (power). They are often subject to other errors due to their mode of operation:

Laboratory-grade equipment designed for low power measurement, which costs from several hundreds of US dollars and is much larger than simple domestic meters, can measure power down to very low values without any of these effects. The US IEC 62301 recommendation for measurements of active power is that power of 0.5 W or greater shall be made with an uncertainty of 2%. Measurements of less than 0.5 W shall be made with an uncertainty of 0.01 W. The power measurement instrument shall have a resolution of 0.01 W or better. [8] [26]

Even with laboratory-grade equipment measurement of standby power has its problems. There are two basic ways of connecting equipment to measure power; one measures the correct voltage, but the current is wrong; the error is negligibly small for relatively high currents, but becomes large for the small currents typical of standby—in a typical case a standby power of 100 mW would be overestimated by over 50%. The other connection gives a small error in the voltage but accurate current, and reduces the error at low power by a factor of 5000. A laboratory meter intended for measurement of higher powers may be susceptible to this error. [27] Another issue is the possibility of measuring equipment damage if in a very sensitive range capable of measuring a few milliamps; if the device being measured comes out of standby and draws several amps, the meter can be damaged unless it is protected. [27]

Reducing standby consumption

Operating practices

Some equipment has a quick-start mode; standby power is eliminated if this mode is not used. Video game consoles often use power when they are turned off, but the standby power can be further reduced if the correct options are set. For example, a Wii console can go from 18 watts to 8 watts to 1 watt by turning off the WiiConnect24 and Standby Connection options. [28] [29]

Devices that have rechargeable batteries and are always plugged in use standby power even if the battery is fully charged. Corded appliances such as vacuum cleaners, electric razors, and simple telephones do not need a standby mode and do not consume the standby power that cordless equivalents do.

Older devices with power adapters that are large and are warm to the touch use several watts of power. Newer power adapters that are lightweight and are not warm to the touch may use less than one watt.

Standby power consumption can be reduced by unplugging or totally switching off, if possible, devices with a standby mode not currently in use; if several devices are used together or only when a room is occupied, they can be connected to a single power strip that is switched off when not needed. This may cause some electronic devices, particularly older ones, to lose their configuration settings.

A switchable power strip or power bar Socket 5.jpg
A switchable power strip or power bar

Timers can be used to turn off standby power to devices that are unused on a regular schedule. Switches that turn the power off when the connected device goes into standby, [30] or that turn other outlets on or off when a device is turned on or off are also available. Switches can be activated by sensors. Home automation sensors, switches and controllers can be used to handle more complex sensing and switching. This produces a net saving of power so long as the control devices themselves use less power than the controlled equipment in standby mode. [31]

Standby power consumption of some computers can be reduced by turning off components that use power in standby mode. For instance, disabling Wake-on-LAN (WoL), [32] "wake on modem", "wake on keyboard" or "wake on USB" may reduce power when in standby. Unused features may be disabled in the computer's BIOS setup to save power.

Devices were introduced in 2010 that allow the remote controller for equipment to be used to totally switch off power to everything plugged into a power strip. It was claimed in the UK that this could save £30, more than the price of the device, in one year. [33]

Equipment efficiency

As users of energy and government authorities have become aware of the need not to waste energy, more attention is being paid to the electrical efficiency of devices (fraction of power consumed that achieves functionality, rather than waste heat); this affects all aspects of equipment, including standby power. Standby power use can be decreased both by attention to circuit design and by improved technology. Programs directed at consumer electronics have stimulated manufacturers to cut standby power use in many products. It is probably technically feasible to reduce standby power by 75% overall; most savings will be less than a watt, but other cases will be as large as 10 watts. [34]

For example, a commercially available computer in Wake-on-LAN standby typically consumed 2 to 8 watts of standby power as of 2011, but it was possible to design much more efficient circuitry: a purpose-designed microcontroller can reduce total system power to under 0.5 watts, with the microcontroller itself contributing 42 mW. [35]

See also

Related Research Articles

In electrical engineering, the power factor of an AC power system is defined as the ratio of the real power absorbed by the load to the apparent power flowing in the circuit. Real power is the average of the instantaneous product of voltage and current and represents the capacity of the electricity for performing work. Apparent power is the product of RMS current and voltage. Due to energy stored in the load and returned to the source, or due to a non-linear load that distorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the source, the apparent power may be greater than the real power, so more current flows in the circuit than would be required to transfer real power alone. A power factor magnitude of less than one indicates the voltage and current are not in phase, reducing the average product of the two. A negative power factor occurs when the device generates real power, which then flows back towards the source.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Power supply</span> Electronic device that converts or regulates electric energy and supplies it to a load

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The main purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are separate standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they power. Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices. Other functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the current drawn by the load to safe levels, shutting off the current in the event of an electrical fault, power conditioning to prevent electronic noise or voltage surges on the input from reaching the load, power-factor correction, and storing energy so it can continue to power the load in the event of a temporary interruption in the source power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Power strip</span> Electrical component

A power strip is a block of electrical sockets that attaches to the end of a flexible cable, allowing multiple electrical devices to be powered from a single electrical socket. Power strips are often used when many electrical devices are in proximity, such as for audio, video, computer systems, appliances, power tools, and lighting. Power strips often include a circuit breaker to interrupt the electric current in case of an overload or a short circuit. Some power strips provide protection against electrical power surges. Typical housing styles include strip, rack-mount, under-monitor and direct plug-in.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electricity meter</span> Device used to measure electricity use

An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, energy meter, or kilowatt-hour meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AC adapter</span> Type of external power supply

An AC adapter or AC/DC adapter is a type of external power supply, often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Other common names include wall charger, power adapter, power brick, and wall wart. Adapters for battery-powered equipment may be described as chargers or rechargers. AC adapters are used with electrical devices that require power but do not contain internal components to derive the required voltage and power from mains power. The internal circuitry of an external power supply is very similar to the design that would be used for a built-in or internal supply.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wattmeter</span> Device that measures electric power

The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric active power in watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic wattmeters are used for measurement of utility frequency and audio frequency power; other types are required for radio frequency measurements.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pilot light</span> Small gas flame used to light larger gas burner

A pilot light is a small gas flame, usually natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas, which serves as an ignition source for a more powerful gas burner. Originally a pilot light was kept permanently alight, but this wastes gas. Now it is more common to light a burner electrically, but gas pilot lights are still used when a high energy ignition source is necessary, as in when lighting a large burner.

Dynamic Demand is the name of a semi-passive technology to support demand response by adjusting the load demand on an electrical power grid. It is also the name of an independent not-for-profit organization in the UK supported by a charitable grant from the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation, dedicated to promoting this technology. The concept is that by monitoring the frequency of the power grid, as well as their own controls, intermittent domestic and industrial loads switch themselves on/off at optimal moments to balance the overall grid load with generation, reducing critical power mismatches. As this switching would only advance or delay the appliance operating cycle by a few seconds, it would be unnoticeable to the end user. This is the foundation of dynamic demand control. In the United States, in 1982, a (now-lapsed) patent for this idea was issued to power systems engineer Fred Schweppe. Other patents have been issued based on this idea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stand-alone power system</span>

A stand-alone power system, also known as remote area power supply (RAPS), is an off-the-grid electricity system for locations that are not fitted with an electricity distribution system. Typical SAPS include one or more methods of electricity generation, energy storage, and regulation.

The One Watt Initiative is an energy-saving initiative by the International Energy Agency (IEA) to reduce standby power-use by any appliance to no more than one watt in 2010, and 0.5 watts in 2013, which has given rise to regulations in many countries and regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kill A Watt</span>

The Kill A Watt is an electricity usage monitor manufactured by Prodigit Electronics and sold by P3 International. It measures the energy used by devices plugged directly into the meter, as opposed to in-home energy use displays, which display the energy used by an entire household. The LCD shows voltage; current; true, reactive, and apparent power; power factor ; energy consumed in kWh; and hours connected. Some models display estimated cost.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Load management</span> Process of balancing the supply of electricity on a network

Load management, also known as demand-side management (DSM), is the process of balancing the supply of electricity on the network with the electrical load by adjusting or controlling the load rather than the power station output. This can be achieved by direct intervention of the utility in real time, by the use of frequency sensitive relays triggering the circuit breakers, by time clocks, or by using special tariffs to influence consumer behavior. Load management allows utilities to reduce demand for electricity during peak usage times, which can, in turn, reduce costs by eliminating the need for peaking power plants. In addition, some peaking power plants can take more than an hour to bring on-line which makes load management even more critical should a plant go off-line unexpectedly for example. Load management can also help reduce harmful emissions, since peaking plants or backup generators are often dirtier and less efficient than base load power plants. New load-management technologies are constantly under development — both by private industry and public entities.

Miscellaneous electric loads (MELs) in buildings are electric loads resulting from a multitude of devices (electronic and other) excluding main systems for space heating, cooling, water heating, or lighting. MELs are produced by hard-wired and “plug-in” electrical devices that draw power, including office equipment such as desktop computers and monitors, mobile electronics (laptops, tablets, mobile phones, and their charging units), printers, fans, task lighting, and home equipment such as home entertainment centers, kitchen electronics (microwaves, toaster ovens, cooking accessories), bath items (hair dryers, lighted mirrors, and electric hot tubs), and other devices such as security systems and ceiling fans. MELs are gaining greater importance in energy management as personal electronics proliferate and become standard across demographic groups. MELs demand has been rising as a percentage of total energy end-use and is expected to continue rising.

Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM), nonintrusive appliance load monitoring (NIALM), or energy disaggregation is a process for analyzing changes in the voltage and current going into a house and deducing what appliances are used in the house as well as their individual energy consumption. Electric meters with NILM technology are used by utility companies to survey the specific uses of electric power in different homes. NILM is considered a low-cost alternative to attaching individual monitors on each appliance. It does, however, present privacy concerns.

Voltage optimisation is a term given to the systematic controlled reduction in the voltages received by an energy consumer to reduce energy use, power demand and reactive power demand. While some voltage 'optimisation' devices have a fixed voltage adjustment, others electronically regulate the voltage automatically.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Home energy monitor</span> Electrical measuring device

A home energy monitor is a device that provides information about a personal electrical energy usage to a consumer of electricity. Devices may display the amount of electricity used, plus the cost of energy used and estimates of greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of such devices is to assist in the management of power consumption. Several initiatives has been launched to increase the usage of home energy monitors. Studies have shown a reduction of home energy when the devices are used.

No load power consumption is the electric power consumed by a battery charger when it is plugged into a wall socket but without the mobile phone or other battery device being connected. Contrary to standby power, which is a low power mode of devices such as TVs to maintain system functions such as responding to remote control, true no-load energy does nothing of use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy-Efficient Ethernet</span> Power-saving option for Ethernet network devices

In computer networking, Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) is a set of enhancements to twisted-pair, twinaxial, backplane, and optical fiber Ethernet physical-layer variants that reduce power consumption during periods of low data activity. The intention is to reduce power consumption by at least half, while retaining full compatibility with existing equipment.

PROFIenergy is a profile of the PROFINET communications protocol that allows the power consumption of automation equipment in manufacturing to be managed over a PROFINET network. It controls energy usage during planned and unplanned breaks in production. No external hard-wired systems are required. The technology standard is managed by the industry association Profibus and Profinet International.

Home idle load is the continuous residential electric energy consumption as measured by smart meters. It differs from standby power (loads) in that it includes energy consumption by devices that cycle on and off within the hourly period of standard smart meters. As such, home idle loads can be measured accurately by smart meters. According to Stanford Sustainable Systems Lab, home idle load constitutes an average of 32% of household electricity consumption in the U.S.

References

  1. ↑ "Vampire Power - The Ghost In The Machine". Silanna Semiconductor. 7 September 2021.
  2. 1 2 "US Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Frequently-asked questions". Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
  3. ↑ US Department of Energy, "Home Office and Home Electronics," Archived 2009-08-25 at the Wayback Machine 15 Jan 2008, Accessed on: 7 May 2008.
  4. ↑ "Energy cost of PCs on standby". London: BBC 7. April 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-09.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ↑ "Standby power – you're paying for it". University of New South Wales. 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-02-23.
  6. ↑ "Energy review 2006, Department of Trade and Industry, UK" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-09.
  7. ↑ "Standby Power Use: How Big is the Problem? What Policies and Technical Solutions Can Address It?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-06.
  8. 1 2 3 "Developing and Testing Low Power Mode Measurement Methods, prepared by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research Program, 2004" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
  9. ↑ Pulling the plug on standby power, Mar 9, 2006, The Economist
  10. ↑ "How much electricity does an American home use". U.S. Energy Information Administration. October 2020. Retrieved Dec 3, 2020.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions – Electricity". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Jun 2010. Archived from the original on Jun 2, 2010. Retrieved Jan 6, 2011.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ↑ Jiang, Jess (28 October 2011). "The Price Of Electricity In Your State". NPR. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
  13. ↑ "Causes of fires involving television sets in dwellings" (PDF). London: Department of Trade and Industry. April 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-16. Retrieved 2006-08-09.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ↑ Free Lance-Start newspaper, 29 April 1974"Unplug the TV set before going to bed"
  15. ↑ Executive Order – Energy Efficient Standby Power Devices, July 2001, The White House
  16. ↑ "Flex Your Power Energy News - Power Plug » California Slays "Energy Vampires"; More Stringent Regulations Took Effect July 1". Archived from the original on 2011-02-09. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
  17. ↑ BIS department, UK: Standby and off leaflet
  18. 1 2 "Measuring Standby Power in Your Home". Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
  19. ↑ "Kouba-Cavallo Associates: Phantom Load Calculation". www.kouba-cavallo.com. Archived from the original on 2001-12-20.
  20. ↑ Austin Utilities – Residential – Home Energy Audit – Watts Up Archived 2009-03-12 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ↑ "Portable Energy Meter". Archived from the original on 2008-04-12. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  22. ↑ "Watts up? Support: FAQs". Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  23. 1 2 3 "US Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Standby Power, measuring standby". Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
  24. ↑ "Kill a Watt Meter - Electricity Usage Monitor | P3".
  25. ↑ Measuring standby power
  26. ↑ Test Method for Calculating the Energy Efficiency of Single-Voltage External Ac-Dc and Ac-Ac Power Supplies, funded by California Energy Commission, 2004
  27. 1 2 ZES Zimmer Application Note 102: Measurement of standby power and energy efficiency Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ↑ "WiiConnect24". Nintendo. 2010. Archived from the original on December 31, 2010. Retrieved Jan 6, 2011.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  29. ↑ "Having the Wii turned off but in Standby Mode". Nintendo Discussions. April 2010. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved Jan 6, 2011.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. ↑ "no the Standby Plug, a standby cut off switch from Scotland". Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
  31. ↑ "the Standby Plug FAQ, accessed January 26, 2009". Archived from the original on October 4, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  32. ↑ LessWatts.org – Saving Power on Intel systems with Linux Archived 2007-11-26 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ↑ "Standby power saver—uses device remote control to power down equipment". Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  34. ↑ "US Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Frequently Asked Questions on Standby Power". Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
  35. ↑ "Silicon Labs: Low Power Wake-on-LAN Challenges and Solutions". Archived from the original on 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.