Qualcomm Incorporated is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San Diego,California,and incorporated in Delaware. It creates semiconductors,software,and services related to wireless technology. It owns patents critical to the 5G,4G,CDMA2000,TD-SCDMA and WCDMA mobile communications standards.
Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd. is a Chinese multinational digital communications technology conglomerate corporation headquartered in Bantian,Longgang District,Shenzhen,Guangdong. It designs,develops,manufactures and sells telecommunications equipment,consumer electronics,smart devices and various rooftop solar products. The corporation was founded in 1987 by Ren Zhengfei,a former officer in the People's Liberation Army (PLA).
China Mobile is the trade name of both China Mobile Limited and its ultimate controlling shareholder,China Mobile Communications Group Co.,Ltd.,is a Chinese state-owned telecommunications company. It provides mobile voice and multimedia services through its nationwide mobile telecommunications network across mainland China and Hong Kong. China Mobile is the largest wireless carrier in China,with 945.50 million subscribers as of June 2021. China Mobile was ranked #25 in Forbes' Global 2000 in 2023.
China United Network Communications Group is a Chinese state-owned telecommunications operator. Started as a wireless paging and GSM mobile operator,it currently provides a range of services including mobile network,long-distance,local calling,data communication,Internet services,and IP telephony. China Unicom is the third-largest wireless carrier in China and the sixth largest mobile provider in the world as of 2022.
China Telecommunications Corporation,known as its trading name China Telecom,is a Chinese state-owned telecommunication company. It is the largest fixed-line service and the third largest mobile telecommunication provider in China. It has three listed companies:China Telecom Corporation Limited,China Communications Services Corporation Limited and Besttone Holding Co.,Ltd..
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) is a partially state-owned publicly listed Chinese pure-play semiconductor foundry company. It is the largest contract chip maker in mainland China.
Ethio telecom,previously known as the Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation,is an Ethiopian telecommunication company serving as the major internet and telephone service provider. Ethio telecom is owned by the Ethiopian government and maintains a monopoly over all telecommunication services in Ethiopia. Based in Addis Ababa,it is one of the "Big-5" group of state owned corporations in Ethiopia,along with Ethiopian Airlines,the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia,Ethiopian Insurance Corporation,and the Ethiopian Shipping Lines.
The telecommunications industry in China is dominated by three state-run businesses:China Telecom,China Unicom and China Mobile. The three companies were formed by restructuring launched in May 2008,directed by the Ministry of Information Industry (MII),National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and the Minister of Finance. Since then,all three companies gained nationwide fixed-line and cellular mobile telecom licenses in China. In 2019,all three telecoms were issued 5G national licenses.
Openreach Limited is a company wholly owned by BT Group plc,that maintains the telephone cables,ducts,cabinets and exchanges that connect nearly all homes and businesses in the United Kingdom to various national broadband and telephone networks. It was established in 2006 following an agreement between BT and the UK's telecoms regulator,Ofcom,to implement certain undertakings,pursuant to the Enterprise Act 2002,to ensure that rival telecom operators have equality of access to BT's local network.
BT Superfast Fibre is a broadband service in the United Kingdom provided by BT Consumer,the consumer sales arm of the BT Group. The underlying network is fibre-to-the-cabinet (FTTC),which uses optical fibre for all except the final few hundred metres (yards) to the consumer,and delivers claimed download speeds of "up to 76 Mbit/s" and upload speeds of "up to 19 Mbit/s" depending on package selected. The fibre terminates in a new roadside cabinet containing a DSLAM,from where the final connection to the customer uses VDSL2 technology.
Norsat International Inc. is a satellite communications company based in Richmond,British Columbia,Canada. The company,founded in 1977,develops and produces communications technology for the transmission of data,audio and video. The company is owned by Hytera,a Chinese company partly owned by Shenzhen Investment Holdings of Shenzhen's municipal government. Norsat's primary customers are from the military,broadcast and maritime industries.
Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co.,Ltd.,often shortened to Hikvision,is a Chinese state-owned manufacturer and supplier of video surveillance equipment for civilian and military purposes,headquartered in Hangzhou,Zhejiang. Due to its involvement in mass surveillance of Uyghurs,the Xinjiang internment camps,and national security concerns,the company has been placed under sanctions from the U.S. and European governments.
Hytera is a Chinese publicly traded and partly state-owned manufacturer of radio transceivers and radio systems founded in Shenzhen,Guangdong in 1993. Hytera is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange and is partly owned by Shenzhen Investment Holdings of Shenzhen's municipal government. Hytera is major contributor to the PDT Standard,which is designed for public safety organizations in China. The company is a major supplier to China's Ministry of Public Security.
Zhejiang Dahua Technology Co.,Ltd. is a publicly traded company based in Binjiang District,Hangzhou,which manufactures video surveillance equipment. A minority of Dahua is state-owned.
The John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 is a United States federal law which specifies the budget,expenditures and policies of the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) for fiscal year 2019. It was signed by President Donald Trump during a ceremony in Fort Drum,New York on August 13,2018.
The Chinese multinational information technology and consumer electronics company Huawei has faced numerous criticisms for various aspects of its operations,particularly in regards to cybersecurity,intellectual property,and human rights violations.
Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks stem from allegations that cellular network equipment sourced from Chinese vendors may contain backdoors enabling surveillance by the Chinese government and Chinese laws,such as the Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China,which compel companies and individuals to assist the state intelligence agency on the collection of information whenever requested. The allegations came against the backdrop of the rising prominence of Chinese telecommunication vendors Huawei and ZTE in the 5G equipment market,and the controversy has led to other countries debating whether Chinese vendors should be allowed to participate in 5G deployments.
The United States government applies sanctions against certain institutions and key members of the Chinese government and its ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP),certain companies linked to the People's Liberation Army (PLA),and other affiliates that the US government has accused of aiding in human rights abuses. The US maintained embargoes against China from the inception of the People's Republic of China in 1949 until 1972. An embargo was reimposed by the US following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. From 2020 onward,the US imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against several Chinese government officials and companies,in response to the persecution of Uyghurs in China,human rights abuses in Hong Kong and Tibet,military-civil fusion,support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine,and fentanyl production.
The Clean Network was a U.S. government-led,bi-partisan effort announced by then U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo in August 2020 to address what it describes as "the long-term threat to data privacy,security,human rights and principled collaboration posed to the free world from authoritarian malign actors." Its promoters state that it has resulted in an "alliance of democracies and companies," "based on democratic values." According to the Trump administration,the Clean Network is intended to implement internationally accepted digital trust standards across a coalition of trusted partners.
Executive Order 13959 is a U.S. Presidential Executive Order signed on November 12,2020,by President Donald Trump. Its title,and stated goal,is "Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies."
CN¥122.95 billion / US $17.68 billion [4] (2022)
