Pope Clement III, born PaulinoScolari, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 December 1187 to his death.
Pope Celestine III, born Giacinto Bobone, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 30 March or 10 April 1191 to his death. He had a tense relationship with several monarchs, including Emperor Henry VI, King Tancred of Sicily, and King Alfonso IX of León.
Roger Bacon, also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor Mirabilis, was a medieval English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism. In the early modern era, he was regarded as a wizard and particularly famed for the story of his mechanical or necromantic brazen head. He is sometimes credited as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method. Bacon applied the empirical method of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) to observations in texts attributed to Aristotle. Bacon discovered the importance of empirical testing when the results he obtained were different than those that would have been predicted by Aristotle.
Year 1252 (MCCLII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1130 (MCXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1124 (MCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
The 1250s decade ran from January 1, 1250, to December 31, 1259.
The 1240s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1240, and ended on December 31, 1249.
The 1260s is the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269.
Year 1192 (MCXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1296 (MCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1294 (MCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1213 (MCCXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1047 (MXLVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
Year 1241
The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history lasting from 1250 to 1500 AD. The Late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern period.
Jocelin of Wells was a medieval Bishop of Bath. He was the brother of Hugh de Wells, who became Bishop of Lincoln. Jocelin became a canon of Wells Cathedral before 1200, and was elected bishop in 1206. During King John of England's dispute with Pope Innocent III, Jocelin at first remained with the king, but after the excommunication of John in late 1209, Jocelin went into exile. He returned to England in 1213, and was mentioned in Magna Carta in 1215.
Sibylla of Acerra (1153–1205) was Queen of Sicily as the wife of King Tancred. She was regent in 1194 for their son, King William III. She was the sister of Count Richard of Acerra.
The 1241 papal election saw the election of Cardinal Goffredo da Castiglione as Pope Celestine IV. The election took place during the first of many protracted sede vacantes of the Middle Ages, and like many of them was characterized by disputes between popes and the Holy Roman Emperor. Specifically, the election took place during the war between Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and the Lombard League and deceased pontiff, Pope Gregory IX, with Italy divided between pro-Papal and pro-Imperial factions known as the Guelphs and Ghibellines.
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