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Charles Stewart Parnell was an Irish nationalist politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1875 to 1891, also acting as Leader of the Home Rule League from 1880 to 1882 and then Leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party from 1882 to 1891. His party held the balance of power in the House of Commons during the Home Rule debates of 1885–1886.
The Irish Parliamentary Party was formed in 1874 by Isaac Butt, the leader of the Nationalist Party, replacing the Home Rule League, as official parliamentary party for Irish nationalist Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons at Westminster within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland up until 1918. Its central objectives were legislative independence for Ireland and land reform. Its constitutional movement was instrumental in laying the groundwork for Irish self-government through three Irish Home Rule bills.
Charles James Patrick Mahon, known as the O'Gorman Mahon or James Patrick Mahon, was an Irish nationalist journalist, barrister, parliamentarian and international mercenary.
Patrick James Smyth, also known as Nicaragua Smyth, was an Irish politician and journalist. A Young Irelander in 1848, and subsequently a journalist in American exile, from 1871 he was an Irish Home Rule Member of the United Kingdom Parliament for Westmeath and from 1880 for Tipperary.
The 1871 Westmeath by-election was fought on 17 June 1871. The byelection was fought due to the Death of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, William Pollard-Urquhart. It was won by the Home Rule candidate Patrick James Smyth, who was unopposed. The gain was retained at the 1874 general election.
The 1871 Meath by-election was fought on 17 January 1871. The byelection was fought due to the Death of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, Matthew Corbally. It was won by the Home Rule candidate John Martin.
The 1880 Drogheda by-election was fought on 2 March 1880. The byelection, to the United Kingdom House of Commons, arose through the death of the incumbent Home Rule League Member of Parliament, William Hagarty O'Leary. It was won by Benjamin Whitworth, who had previously sat for the seat as a Liberal but on this occasion announced that he supported the Home Rule cause. He had resigned his current seat, at Kilkenny, in order to run. He received 382 votes as against 181 for J. McCoan, candidate of the Home Rule League. It was reported that 150 Conservative voters had abstained in response to a circular from the party.
The 1879 Ennis by-election was fought on 26 July 1879. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Home Rule MP, William Stacpoole. It was won by the Home Rule candidate James Lysaght Finegan.
The 1879 Limerick City by-election was fought on 23 May 1879. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Home Rule MP, Isaac Butt. It was won by the Home Rule candidate Daniel Fitzgerald Gabbett.
The 1879 Clare by-election was fought on 15 May 1879. The byelection was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Home Rule MP, Bryan O'Loghlen, to become Attorney General of the Colony of Victoria. It was won by the Home Rule candidate James Patrick Mahon.
The 1879 Cork County by-election was fought on 17 February 1879. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Home Rule MP, McCarthy Downing. It was won by the Home Rule candidate David la Touche Colthurst.
The 1877 Clare by-election was fought on 13 August 1877. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Home Rule MP, Sir Colman O'Loghlen. It was won by the Home Rule candidate Sir Bryan O'Loghlen. The result was remarkable in that O'Loghlen did not seek the nomination and was elected without his consent. He refused to take his seat as he was Attorney-General of Victoria. This position was considered an office of profit and thus disqualified him from membership of the House of Commons. A select committee was established to consider the issue and reported in 1879. The found that this was the case and the seat was declared vacant. Some controversy remained because O'Loghlen's position was in a colony and not in the United Kingdom. A writ was moved for another by-election in 1879.
The 1877 Dungarvan by-election was fought on 23 June 1877. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Home Rule MP, John O'Keeffe. It was won by the Home Rule candidate Frank Hugh O'Donnell.
The 1877 Tipperary by-election was fought on 15 May 1877. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Home Rule MP, William Frederick Ormond O'Callaghan. It was won by the Home Rule candidate Edmund Dwyer Gray.
The 1876 Leitrim by-election was fought on 14 July 1876. The byelection was fought due to the succession to a peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, William Ormsby-Gore. It was won by the Home Rule candidate Francis O'Beirne.
The 1875 Kilkenny City by-election was fought on 28 April 1875. This arose due to the death of the incumbent Home Rule MP, John Gray.
The 1875 Meath by-election was fought on 17 April 1875. The byelection was fought due to the death of the incumbent Home Rule MP, John Martin. It was won by the Home Rule candidate Charles Stewart Parnell.
The 1874 Mayo by-election was fought on 29 May 1874. The byelection was fought due to the void Election of the incumbent Home Rule MP, George Ekins Browne. It was retained by Browne.
The 1874 County Louth by-election was fought on 8 April 1874. The byelection was fought due to the double Election, chose to sit for Dundalk of the incumbent Home Rule MP, Philip Callan. It was won by the Home Rule candidate George Harley Kirk.
Jim Williams was an African-American soldier and militia leader in the 1860s and 1870s in York County, South Carolina. He escaped slavery during the US Civil War and joined the Union Army. After the war, Williams led a black militia organization which sought to protect black rights in the area. In 1871, he was lynched and hung by members of the local Ku Klux Klan. As a result, a large group of local blacks emigrated to Liberia, West Africa.
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