1896 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season

Last updated

1896 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
League NCAA
Sport College football
DurationOctober 3, 1896
through December 14, 1896
Number of teams16
Regular Season
Season champions LSU
Georgia
Football seasons
←  1895
1897  →
1896 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings
ConfOverall
TeamW L TW L T
LSU + 3 –0 –06 –0 –0
Georgia + 2 –0 –04 –0 –0
Vanderbilt 2 –0 –23 –2 –2
Auburn 3 –1 –03 –1 –0
Texas 1 –1 –04 –2 –1
Alabama 1 –1 –02 –1 –0
Kentucky State College 1 –1 –03 –6 –0
Sewanee 3 –3 –03 –3 –0
Tennessee 0 –0 –04 –0 –0
Tulane 1 –2 –03 –2 –0
Nashville 0 –1 –10 –1 –1
Mercer 0 –2 –10 –2 –1
Central (KY) 0 –2 –10 –3 –1
Mississippi A&M 0 –2 –00 –4 –0
SW Presbyterian 0 –2 –00 –3 –0
Cumberland (TN)  –  – 
  • + – Conference co-champions

The 1896 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season was the college football games played by the members schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1896 college football season. The season began on October 3.

Contents

Coach Pop Warner's conference champion Georgia team beat North Carolina 24–16 in a close game. "For the first time in Southern football history the football supremacy of Virginia and North Carolina was successfully challenged." [1] Against John Heisman's Auburn team, Georgia also had the first successful onside kick in the South. [2]

The LSU Tigers, led by coach Allen Jeardeau, went undefeated and were the SIAA co-champions.

Season overview

Results and team statistics

Conf. RankTeamHead coachOverall recordConf. recordPPGPAG
1 (tie) LSU Allen Jeardeau 6–03–0
1 (tie) Georgia Pop Warner 4–02–0
3 Vanderbilt R. G. Acton 3–2–23–0–2
4 Auburn John Heisman 3–13–1
5 (tie) Georgia Tech J. B. West1–1–11–1–1
5 (tie) Texas Harry Orman Robinson 4–2–11–1
5 (tie) Alabama Otto Wagonhurst 2–11–1
5 (tie) Kentucky State Dudley Short3–61–1
9 Sewanee J. E. Blair3–33–3
10 Tulane Harry Baum3–21–2
11 (tie) Southwestern Presbyterian 0–10–1
11 (tie) Nashville 0–1–10–1–1
13 (tie) Mercer J. D. Winston0–2–10–2–1
13 (tie) Central H. McC. Anderson0–3–10–2–1
13 (tie) Mississippi A&M J. B. Hildebrand 0–40–2
? Cumberland

Key

PPG = Average of points scored per game

PAG = Average of points allowed per game

Regular season

Index to colors and formatting
Non-conference matchup; SIAA member won
Non-conference matchup; SIAA member lost
Non-conference matchup; tie
Conference matchup

SIAA teams in bold.

Week One

DateVisiting teamHome teamSiteResultAttendanceReference
October 3Lexington Athletic ClubKentucky State Lexington, KY L 0–10 [3]
October 6AuburnMercerCentral City Park • Macon, GA AUB 46–0 [4]

Week Two

DateVisiting teamHome teamSiteResultAttendanceReference
October 10Kentucky StateVanderbilt Dudley Field • Nashville, TN VAN 22–0600 [5]
October 10 Centenary LSU State Field • Baton Rouge, LA W 46–0 [6]
October 10 Union (TN) Mississippi A&MStarkville Fairgrounds • Starkville, MS L 0–8

Week Three

DateVisiting teamHome teamSiteResultAttendanceReference
October 17NashvilleSewanee Hardee Field • Sewanee, TN SEW 6–0 [7]
October 17Galveston High SchoolTexas Clark Field • Austin, TX W 42–0 [8]
October 17Tulane AlumniTulaneTulane Athletic Field • New Orleans, LA W 12–0 [9]
October 17Vanderbilt Centre Danville, KY L 0–46 [10]
October 17Kentucky StateCatlettsburg Athletic Club Catlettsburg, KY L 4–6 [11]
October 22 Williamsburg (KY) TennesseeBaldwin Park • Knoxville, TN W 10–0 [12]

Week Four

DateVisiting teamHome teamSiteResultAttendanceReference
October 24LSUTulaneTulane Athletic Field • New Orleans, LALSU 6–0 [13]
October 24TexasDallas Dallas, TX T 0–0
October 24Birmingham Athletic ClubAlabama The Quad • Tuscaloosa, AL W 30–0 [14]
October 24 Kentucky University Kentucky StateLexington, KYW 36–6 [15]
October 24CentralVanderbiltDudley Field • Nashville, TNT 0–0 [16]
October 24Georgia Wofford Spartanburg, SC W 26–0 [17]
October 26CentralSewaneeMcGee Field • Sewanee, TNSEW 6–4 [18]
October 22TennesseeChattanooga Athletic Club Chattanooga, TN W 4–0 [19]

Week Five

DateVisiting teamHome teamSiteResultAttendanceReference
October 31Kentucky State Centre Danville, KY L 0–32 [20]
October 31 North Carolina GeorgiaBrisbine Park • Atlanta, GA W 24–163,000 [21]
October 31Georgia TechMercerCentral City Park • Macon, GAL 4–6 [22]
October 31SewaneeAlabamaThe Quad • Tuscaloosa, ALSEW 10–6 [23]

Week Six

DateVisiting teamHome teamSiteResultAttendanceReference
November 7CentralKentucky StateLexington, KYKEN 62–0 [24]
November 7San AntonioTexasVarsity Athletic Field • Austin, TXW 12–4 [25]
November 7Georgia TechAuburnDrill Field • Auburn, AL W 45–0 [26]
November 7Vanderbilt Missouri Fair Grounds • St. Louis, MO L 6–26 [27]
November 9SewaneeGeorgia Herty Field • Athens, GA UGA 26–0 [28]
November 9TulaneVicksburg Athletic Club Vicksburg, MS W 48–0 [29]
November 11VanderbiltSW PresbyterianBaseball Park • Clarksville, TN VAN 36–0 [30]
November 13LSU Ole Miss Fairgrounds • Vicksburg, MSW 12–4 [31]

Week Seven

DateVisiting teamHome teamSiteResultAttendanceReference
November 14Mississippi A&MAlabamaThe Quad • Tuscaloosa, ALALA 20–0 [32]
November 14NashvilleVanderbiltDudley Field • Nashville, TNT 0–0 [33]
November 14CentreKentucky StateLexington, KYL 0–44 [34]
November 14TexasTulaneTulane Athletic Field • New Orleans, LATEX 12–4800 [35] [36]
November 14 VPI TennesseeBaldwin Park • Knoxville, TNW 6–4 [37]
November 16SewaneeAuburnRiverside Park • Montgomery, AL AUB 38–6 [38]
November 16TexasLSUState Field • Baton Rouge, LALSU 14–0 [39]
November 20Mississippi A&MLSUState Field • Baton Rouge, LALSU 52–0 [40]

Week Eight

DateVisiting teamHome teamSiteResultAttendanceReference
November 21Kentucky State Georgetown (KY) Georgetown, KY W 16–0 [41]
November 21MercerGeorgia TechBrisbane Park • Atlanta, GAT 12–12 [42]
November 21Mississippi A&M Southern Athletic Club Sportsman's Park • New Orleans, LAL 0–55 [43]
November 26AuburnGeorgiaBrisbine Park • Atlanta, GAUGA 12–6 [44]
November 26CentralTennesseeBaldwin Park • Knoxville, TNUT 30–0 [45]
November 26DallasTexasVarsity Athletic Field • Austin, TXW 22–42,000 [46]
November 26Ole MissTulaneTulane Athletic Field • New Orleans, LAW 10–0 [47]
November 26VanderbiltSewaneeHardee Field • Sewanee, TNVAN 10–4 [48]
November 27Kentucky StateLouisville Athletic Club Louisville, KY L 4–30 [49]

Week Nine

DateVisiting teamHome teamSiteResultAttendanceReference
November 28LSUSouthern Athletic ClubSportsman's Park • New Orleans, LAW 6–0500 [50]

Week Ten

Week Eleven

DateVisiting teamHome teamSiteResultAttendanceReference
December 14 Missouri TexasVarsity Athletic Field • Austin, TXL 0–10 [51]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1891 Vanderbilt Commodores football team</span> American college football season

The 1891 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1891 college football season. The team's head coach and team captain was Elliott H. Jones, who served his second season in that capacity. This was the first year that Vanderbilt had a schedule of opponents other than the school next door to them. Vanderbilt and Sewanee, charter members of the Southern Intercollegiate Conference, play their first game. The rivalry, typically reserved for Thanksgiving Day, continues into World War II. When the series ended in 1944, Vanderbilt owned a 40–8–4 advantage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1897 Vanderbilt Commodores football team</span> American college football season

The 1897 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represent Vanderbilt University during the 1897 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Vanderbilt was in its eighth season of playing football; coached by R. G. Acton. The Commodores finished the season without being scored on. Vanderbilt played in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) and won the SIAA Championship, the first claimed in school history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1896 Vanderbilt Commodores football team</span> American college football season

The 1896 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1896 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team's head coach was R. G. Acton, who was in his first year at Vanderbilt and went on to coach two more. This was the first meeting of Vanderbilt and Kentucky.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1903 Vanderbilt Commodores football team</span> American college football season

The 1903 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1903 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. James R. Henry coached Vanderbilt for one season in 1903. His squad finished the season with a 6–1–1 record. The season was marred only by the upset loss to Cumberland. John J. Tigert and Bob Blake were both Rhodes Scholars.

The 1907 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team's head coach was Dan McGugin, who served his fourth season in that capacity. Members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the Commodores played five home games in Nashville, Tennessee and finished the season with a record 5–1–1 and 3–0 in SIAA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1902 Vanderbilt Commodores football team</span> American college football season

The 1902 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1902 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. W. H. Watkins was in his second year coaching Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt was playing in its 13th season of football. The Commodores had wins over Cumberland, Ole Miss, Central of Kentucky, Tennessee, Washington University, Kentucky, Tulane and LSU. The Tulane and LSU contests were played with one day's rest between games for the Commodores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team</span> American college football season

The 1923 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the sport of college football during the 1923 Southern Conference football season. The team's head coach was Dan McGugin, who served his 19th year in that capacity. The Commodores played six home games at Dudley Field in Nashville, Tennessee. Vanderbilt finished the season with a record of 5–2–1 overall and 3–0–1 in SoCon play, outscoring opponents 137–33. The team suffered its losses to the national champion Michigan Wolverines and the undefeated Texas Longhorns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1924 Vanderbilt Commodores football team</span> American college football season

The 1924 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1924 Southern Conference football season. The 1924 season was Dan McGugin's 20th year as head coach. Members of the Southern Conference, the Commodores played six home games in Nashville, Tennessee, at Dudley Field and finished the season with a record of 6–3–1. Vanderbilt outscored its opponents 150–53. Fred Russell's Fifty Years of Vanderbilt Football dubs it "the most eventful season in the history of Vanderbilt football."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oliver Kuhn</span> American athlete (1898–1968)

Oliver Wall Kuhn, nicknamed "Doc Kuhn", was an American football, baseball and basketball player for the Vanderbilt University Commodores and later a prominent businessman of Tampa, Florida. As a college football quarterback, Kuhn led Vanderbilt to three consecutive Southern titles in 1921, 1922, and 1923 – the most-recent conference titles for Vanderbilt football. In 1922, Vanderbilt tied Michigan at the dedication of Dudley Field, and Kuhn was picked for Walter Camp's list of names worthy of mention and Billy Evans' All-America "National Honor Roll."

The 1910 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the sport of American football during 1910 college football season. In Dan McGugin's 7th year as head coach, the Commodores as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) compiled an 8–0–1 record and outscored their opponents 165 to 8, winning a conference championship.

The 1918 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1918 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season, which was interim head coach Ray Morrison's first year as a head coach. Morrison was asked to fill in for Dan McGugin who was in the United States Army at the time.

The 1907 Sewanee Tigers football team represented Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The team competed in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) and was coached by Arthur G. Erwin in his first year as head coach, compiling a record of 8–1 and outscoring opponents 250 to 29. Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin in Spalding's Football Guide's summation of the season in the SIAA wrote "The standing. First, Vanderbilt; second, Sewanee, a might good second;" and that Aubrey Lanier "came near winning the Vanderbilt game by his brilliant dashes after receiving punts."

The inaugural 1895 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season was the college football games played by the member schools of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association as part of the 1895 college football season. The association's inaugural season began on October 12, 1895. The first conference game was played on October 26 with North Carolina at Georgia, featuring what some claim is the first forward pass.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1891 Sewanee Tigers football team</span> American college football season

The 1891 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1891 college football season. In the inaugural season of Sewanee football, the Tigers compiled a 1–2 record. The team's quarterback was Ellwood Wilson, considered the "founder of Sewanee football." He had come from Lawrenceville, New Jersey, where he played football before, to Sewanee in 1889. While introducing the sport to Sewanee, he was forced to use a piece of wood shaped like a football until he found a real one. Sewanee's first intercollegiate game was the first instance of the Sewanee–Vanderbilt rivalry and Vanderbilt's second ever game. The win over Tennessee was that program's first game.

The 1897 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1897 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.

The 1893 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South in the 1893 college football season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1903 Sewanee Tigers football team</span> American college football season

The 1903 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South in the 1903 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.

The 1910 Sewanee Tigers football team represented Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1910 college football season as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA). The Tigers were led by head coach Harris G. Cope in his second season and finished with a record of eight wins and two losses.

The 1924 Sewanee Tigers football team represented the Sewanee Tigers of Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1924 Southern Conference football season. It was the team's first season in the Southern Conference, and features its last victory over rival Vanderbilt. Sewanee was also a co-member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association in 1924, its last season as a member. The game against Carson-Newman was forfeited in their favor.

The 1896 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas in the 1896 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. Led by Harry Orman Robinson in his first and only season as head coach, the team compiled an overall record of 4–2–1 with a mark of 1–1 in Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) play.

References

  1. ↑ Woodruff 1928 , p. 53
  2. ↑ Woodruff 1928 , p. 68
  3. ↑ "Football; The Lexington Athletic Club downs State College". The Sunday Leader. October 4, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  4. ↑ "Auburn finds Mercer an easy mark". The Birmingham News. October 19, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  5. ↑ "Nashville gets 'em both". The Nashville American. October 11, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  6. ↑ "Louisiana State University Cadets defeat the Centenary College team". The Times-Democrat. October 11, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  7. ↑ "Sewanee 6; U. of N. 0; Nashville boys fared a little better than Vanderbilt". The Nashville American. October 18, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  8. ↑ "The 'Varsity team won". Austin Daily Statesman. October 18, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  9. ↑ "Tulane wins its first time out". The Daily Picayune. October 18, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  10. ↑ "Football, Vanderbilt badly beaten by "Old Centre" yesterday". The Sunday Leader. October 18, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  11. ↑ "At Catlettsburg Kentucky State College loses by a score of 6 to 4". The Sunday Leader. October 18, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ "The University scored a victory". The Knoxville Sentinel. October 23, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  13. ↑ "Decision for visitors; Referee awarded the game to the visitors upon Tulane's desertion of the field". The Times-Democrat. October 25, 1896. Retrieved December 16, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  14. ↑ "Birmingham lost; Foot ball game at Tuskaloosa disastrous for the Athletics". The Birmingham News. October 26, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  15. ↑ "State College—Wins the local championship by a score of 36 to 6". The Sunday Leader. October 25, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  16. ↑ "Vanderbilt vs. Central College; Good game at Nashville, ending in a draw". The Chattanooga Daily Times. October 25, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  17. ↑ "Georgia wins over Wofford". The Atlanta Journal. October 27, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  18. ↑ "Sewanee the victor; Puts it onto Central University to the tune of 6 to 4". The Nashville American. October 27, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  19. ↑ "Chattanooga wins spirited football game at the park yesterday". Chattanooga Daily Times. October 25, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  20. ↑ ""Old Centre."—The Danville team beats State College by a score of 32 to 0". The Sunday Leader. November 1, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  21. ↑ "Football yesterday". The News and Observer. November 1, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  22. ↑ "Techs defeat Mercer, Atlantians win in a close game by a score of 6 to 4". The Atlanta Constitution. November 1, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  23. ↑ "The University football team went down before Sewanee". The Montgomery Advertiser. November 1, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  24. ↑ "The Gridiron.–Ad[sic Unintersting Game Between S. C. and C. U." The Sunday Leader. November 8, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  25. ↑ "Yesterday's ball game". Austin Daily Statesman. November 8, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  26. ↑ "One-sided game at Auburn". The Birmingham News. November 9, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  27. ↑ "Missouri and Vanderbilt". St. Louis Globe-Democrat. November 7, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  28. ↑ "Foot ball at Athens; University of Georgia beats Sewanee 26 to 0". The Morning News. November 10, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  29. ↑ "Local team short on taeties". The Commercial Appeal. November 10, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  30. ↑ "Foot ball yesterday; The S.W.P.U. team defeated the Vanderbilt eleven, score 36 to 0". The Leaf-Chronicle. November 12, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  31. ↑ "Exciting football and races; Great day at the successful exposition at Vicksburg". The Commercial Appeal. November 14, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  32. ↑ "Shut them out; The Tuscaloosa foot ball team defeats the A. & M." Birmingham State Herald. November 15, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  33. ↑ "Was most disgraceful". The Nashville American. November 15, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  34. ↑ "Football—"Old Centre" wins the State Championship". The Sunday Leader. November 15, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  35. ↑ "That Texas team wins once more". The Daily Picayune. November 15, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  36. ↑ "That Texas team wins once more (continued)". The Daily Picayune. November 15, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  37. ↑ "Blacksburg defeated". The Richmond Dispatch. Library of Virginia. November 15, 1896. p. 13. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
  38. ↑ "Thirty-six to six! Was the way yesterday's great football contest resulted". The Montgomery Advertiser. November 17, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  39. ↑ "Football; State University trounces the Texas 11". The Daily Picayune. November 17, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  40. ↑ "Untitled". The Daily Clarion-Ledger. November 21, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  41. ↑ "At Georgetown—Kentucky State College wins easy from Georgetown University". The Sunday Leader. November 22, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  42. ↑ "Techs 12, Mercer 12; Football game at Brisbine Park yesterday was a tie". The Atlanta Constitution. November 22, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  43. ↑ "Dull foot ball game". Natchez Democrat. November 22, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  44. ↑ "Auburn knocked out". Birmingham State Herald. November 27, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  45. ↑ "Bad defeat for Central University". The Courier-Journal. November 27, 1896. Retrieved July 8, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  46. ↑ "'Varsity, 'Varsity, U. T. A." Austin Daily Statesman. November 27, 1896. Retrieved July 8, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  47. ↑ "Mississippi defeated; Tulane wins by a score of 10 to 0". The Times-Democrat. November 27, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  48. ↑ "Vanderbilt victorious". Nashville Banner. November 27, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  49. ↑ "L. A. C.'s fine victory". The Courier-Journal. November 27, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  50. ↑ "Cadet champions; Southern Athletic Club football eleven defeated". The Times-Democrat. November 29, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  51. ↑ "'Varsity boys defeated". Austin Daily Statesman. December 15, 1896. Retrieved April 27, 2024– via Newspapers.com.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.