| 1981 Hama massacre | |
|---|---|
| Part of Islamist uprising in Syria | |
| Location |  Hama, Ba'athist Syria |
| Date | April 1981 |
| Target | Muslim Brotherhood |
Attack type | Execution |
| Deaths | 350 - 400 |
| Injured | 600 |
| Perpetrators | Hafez al-Assad, Rifaat al-Assad |
The 1981 Hama massacre was an incident in which over 300 residents of Hama, Syria, were killed by government security forces.
From 1976 to 1982, Islamists, including the Muslim Brotherhood, fought the Ba'ath Party-controlled government of Syria in what has been called a "long campaign of terror". [1] In July 1980, the ratification of Law No. 49 made membership in the Muslim Brotherhood a capital offense. [2] Middle East Watch (part of Human Rights Watch) called the period between 1976 and 1982 "The Great Repression." [3] According to Middle East Watch,
Opposition exploded in the late 1970s, touched off by Assad's military intervention in Lebanon in 1976. Public discontent fed on many grievances, rampant inflation, a housing crisis deepened by refugees from Lebanon, official corruption, security forces from which no one felt safe, and the domination of the 'Alawis. Over four years unrest spread to every sector of Syrian society, and by the beginning of 1980 it seemed possible the regime would be overthrown. [3]
Journalist Robert Fisk who was reporting from Hama in 1981 states:
"When I spent a night in the autumn of 1981 in the town’s only hotel.. A visit to the homes of three very frightened foreign aid workers – two Australians and an Indian – confirmed a popular rumour in Damascus: that Hama was in a state of near-revolt against Assad’s Baathist regime." [4]
The 1981 Hama massacre occurred after a failed attack around 21–22 April 1981 by armed Islamist guerrillas (reports identify a security checkpoint or a spring festival) near an Alawite village near Hama. [5] [6] [7] As a revenge action, government units deployed into Hama and launched house-to-house searches, sealing off neighborhoods as street fighting erupted. [5] A curfew was imposed and Syrian Army troops entered the city. Between Thursday 23 April 1981 and Sunday 26 April 1981, security forces killed scores to hundreds of residents - between 150 and "several hundred", according to The Washington Post, [6] or at least 350, plus 600 injured, according to authors Olivier Carré and Gérard Michaud [5] chosen randomly among the male population over the age of 14. [8] The killings were carried out by the government's "Protection Brigades" (a palace guard commanded by the president's brother Rifaat al-Assad, and Syrian Special Forces commanded by General Ali Haidar, an Alawite and Assad aide, according to the Post, [6] while Human Rights Watch identified Syrian Special Forces and the Syrian Arab Army's 47th Brigade. [7]
The Washington Post described the incident as "believed to have been the bloodiest retribution so far in President Hafez Assad's two-year crackdown on opponents to his rule". [6] Syrian Mukhabarat and Alawite militias loyal to Rifa'at al-Assad unleashed brutal attacks on the civilians of Hama; executing and torturing family members of those accused of collaborating with the opposition. [4]
Alawites are an Arab ethnoreligious group who live primarily in the Levant and follow Alawism, a religious sect that splintered from early Shia Islam as a ghulat branch during the ninth century. Alawites venerate Ali ibn Abi Talib, the "first Imam" in the Twelver school, as the physical manifestation of God. The group was founded by Ibn Nusayr during the 9th century. Ibn Nusayr was a disciple of the tenth Twelver Imam, Ali al-Hadi, and of the eleventh Twelver Imam, Hasan al-Askari. For this reason Alawites are also called Nusayris.
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The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria is a Syrian branch of the Sunni Islamist Muslim Brotherhood organization. Its objective is the transformation of Syria into an Islamic state governed by Sharia law through a gradual legal and political process.
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The 1964 Hama riot was the first significant clash between the newly installed Ba'ath Party leadership of Syria and the Muslim Brotherhood. It occurred in April 1964, after the 1963 Ba'athist coup d'état. The insurrection was suppressed with heavy military force, resulting in many mortal casualties and partial destruction of the old Hama city neighborhoods. Hama continued to be a center of Islamists and a focal point of the 1976-1982 Islamist uprising in Syria.
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The Al-Qubeir massacre, also known as the Hama massacre, occurred in the small village of Al-Qubeir near Hama, Syria, on 6 June 2012 during the country's ongoing civil conflict. Al-Qubeir is described as a Sunni farming settlement surrounded by Alawite villages in the central province of Hama. According to preliminary evidence, troops had surrounded the village which was followed by pro-government Shabiha militia entering the village and killing civilians with "barbarity," UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon told the UN Security Council.
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