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Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.
The History of Republican Egypt spans the period of modern Egyptian history from the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 to the present day, which saw the toppling of the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, the establishment of a presidential republic, and a period of profound economic, and political change in Egypt, and throughout the Arab world. The abolition of a monarchy and aristocracy viewed widely as sympathetic to Western interests, particularly since the ousting of Khedive Isma'il Pasha, over seven decades earlier, helped strengthen the authentically Egyptian character of the republic in the eyes of its supporters.
South Africa has been dubbed "the protest capital of the world", with one of the highest rates of public protests in the world.
The 2011 Egyptian revolution, also known as the 25 January Revolution, began on 25 January 2011 and spread across Egypt. The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual Egyptian "Police holiday" as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of Hosni Mubarak's presidency. It consisted of demonstrations, marches, occupations of plazas, non-violent civil resistance, acts of civil disobedience and strikes. Millions of protesters from a range of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Violent clashes between security forces and protesters resulted in at least 846 people killed and over 6,000 injured. Protesters retaliated by burning over 90 police stations across the country.
The Arab Spring or the First Arab Spring was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in Tunisia in response to corruption and economic stagnation. From Tunisia, the protests then spread to five other countries: Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Bahrain. Rulers were deposed or major uprisings and social violence occurred including riots, civil wars, or insurgencies. Sustained street demonstrations took place in Morocco, Iraq, Algeria, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman and Sudan. Minor protests took place in Djibouti, Mauritania, Palestine, Saudi Arabia and the Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara. A major slogan of the demonstrators in the Arab world is ash-shaʻb yurīd isqāṭ an-niẓām!.
The Egyptian Crisis was a period that started with the Egyptian revolution of 2011 and ended with beginning of the presidency of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in 2014. It was a tumultuous three years of political and social unrest, characterized by mass protests, a series of popular elections, deadly clashes, and military reinforcement. The events have had a lasting effect on the country's current course, its political system and its society.
The impact of the Arab Spring concerns protests or by the way attempts to organize growing protest movements that were inspired by or similar to the Arab Spring in the Arab-majority states of North Africa and the Middle East, according to commentators, organisers, and critics. These demonstrations and protest efforts have all been critical of the government in their respective countries, though they have ranged from calls for the incumbent government to make certain policy changes to attempts to bring down the current political system in its entirety. In some countries, protests have become large or widespread enough to effect change at the national level, as in Armenia, while in others, such as Djibouti, were swiftly suppressed.
Khaled Ali is an Egyptian lawyer and activist. He is known for his advocacy for reform of government and private sector corruption and for promoting social justice and labor rights. He is the former head of the Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights (ECESR), and co-founder of the Front for Defending Egyptian Protesters and the Hisham Mubarak Law Center (HMLC).
Abd el-Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi is an Egyptian politician and retired military officer who has served as the sixth and current president of Egypt since 2014. Before retiring as a general in the Egyptian military in 2014, Sisi served as Egypt's deputy prime minister from 2013 to 2014, minister of defense from 2012 to 2013, and director of military intelligence from 2010 to 2012. He was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal in January 2014.
The Syrian revolution, also known as the Syrian Revolution of Dignity, was the series of mass protests and uprisings – with subsequent violent reaction by the Syrian Arab Republic – lasting from March 2011 to June 2012, as part of the wider Arab Spring in the Arab world. The revolution, which demanded the end of the decades-long rule of Assad family, began as minor demonstrations during January 2011 and transformed into nation-wide mass protests in March. The uprising was marked by large-scale protests against the Ba'athist dictatorship of president Bashar al-Assad, meeting with police and military violence, massive arrests and a brutal crackdown, resulting in thousands of deaths and tens of thousands wounded.
The 30 June revolution occurred in Egypt on 30 June 2013, marking the one-year anniversary of Mohamed Morsi's inauguration as president. The events ended with the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état after mass protests across Egypt demanding the immediate resignation of the president. The rallies were partly a response to Tamarod, an ostensibly grassroots movement that launched a petition in April 2013, calling for Morsi and his government to step down. Tamarod claimed to have collected more than 22 million signatures for their petition by June 30, although this figure was not verified by independent sources. A counter-campaign in support of Morsi's presidency, named Tagarod, claimed to have collected 26 million signatures by the same date, but this figure was also unverified and not mentioned in media nearly as much as Tamarod's, with no reliable sources repeating it. The movements in opposition to Morsi culminated in the June 30 protests that occurred across the country. According to the Egyptian military, which calculated the number of protesters via helicopter scans of demonstration perimeters across the country, the June 30 protests had 32 million protesters, making them "the biggest protests in Egypt's history." However, independent observers raised concerns that the Egyptian government exaggerated the actual number of anti-Morsi protestors, with some research determining that only around one to two million people protested across the country against Morsi.
Protests against the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état erupted in July 2013. Immediately following the removal of President Mohamed Morsi by the Egyptian Armed Forces on 3 July 2013 amid demonstrations against Morsi's rule, many protesters amassed near the Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque to call for Morsi's return to power and condemn the military, while others demonstrated in support of the military and interim government. Deadly clashes such as Rabaa massacre continued for several days, with three particularly bloody incidents being described by officials as "massacres" perpetrated by security forces. During the month of Ramadan, prime minister Hazem al-Beblawy threatened to disperse the ongoing Pro-Morsi sit-ins in Rabaa al-Adaweya square and al-Nahda square. The government crackdown of these protests occurred in a violent dispersal on 14 August 2013. In mid-August, the violence directed by the army towards the protesters escalated, with hundreds killed, and the government declaring a month-long nighttime curfew.
The Second Arab Spring is a series of anti-government protests which took place in several Arab world countries from late 2018 onwards.
The 2019 Egyptian protests were mass protests in Cairo, Alexandria, Damietta and other cities on 20, 21 and 27 September 2019 in which the protestors called for President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to be removed from power. Security forces responded with tear gas, rubber bullets and, as of 23 October 2019, 4300 arbitrary arrests had been made, based on data from the Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights, the Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms, the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information, among which 111 were minors according to Amnesty International and the Belady Foundation. Prominent arrestees included human rights lawyer Mahienour el-Massry, journalist and former leader of the Constitution Party Khaled Dawoud and two professors of political science at Cairo University, Hazem Hosny and Hassan Nafaa. The wave of arrests was the biggest in Egypt since Sisi formally became president in 2014.
The 2020 Egyptian protests were a series of decentralized street protests in Egypt that started on September 20, the anniversary of the 2019 Egyptian protests, and were aimed at the resignation of Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. Protesters turned to the streets in several cities in Egypt, including Cairo, Giza, Suez, Kafr El Dawwar, Alexandria, Aswan, El Qanater El Khayreya, Faiyum, Minya, Luxor, and Damietta. September 25th, the sixth day of the protests, was called "Friday of Rage".
The 2018–2019 Bosnian protests were daily peaceful demonstrations and protests in the Republic of Srpska after the Death of David Dragičević, a young Serb student who drowned himself, according to local police, however, his family suggested that he was forced to drown himself by local authorities. This incident triggered an anti-police brutality protest movement and swelled into an anti-government uprising, demanding the end of the minister of The Republic of Srpska.
The 2005-2006 Egyptian protests was a wave of protests and massive General strikes and opposition protests against president Hosni Mubarak and his cabinet, the military and the results of the 2005 Egyptian presidential election. Hundreds of thousands took to the streets for months in 2005, protesting the re-run of Hosni Mubarak and demanded the fall of the regime. The unrest and civil disturbances were mostly peaceful apart from some acts of civil violence during massive demonstrations in September, denouncing the results of the 2005 Egyptian presidential election. The protests continued into 2006, while massive journalist and artist protest movements were rocking Egypt. Worker protests and student demonstrations were also erupting along towns nationwide, protesting tuition fee hikes and Inflation. Pro-democratic opposition protests were also taking place in the first 4 months of 2006. In September, 10 were killed in clashes at protests against Corruption and cartoons. Unemployment and Poverty also led to massive labour protests across Egypt throughout October-December. A Massive labour uprising occurred in El Mahalla El Kubra in December, in which one was killed in the bloody clashes that followed the worker protests demanding better wages and more better living conditions in working places. A strike wave led to the deaths of 13 in 2007.
The 2018–2019 Bangladesh protests, also known as the Bangladeshi Social Revolution, was a series of public social unrest and Strike actions by Garment workers and Trade unions against low wages and high unemployment and demanded the resignation of the government. Over 50,000 protesters participated in the nonviolent movement. Anti-wages and anti-fee hike demonstrations loomed in Factories and Company buildings in Ashulia and Rajshahi, where most protesters staged their protest and sit-ins. Dhaka and other minor areas with factories experienced massive increasingly violent and severe street demonstrations while growing street opposition. Civil disobedience and massive labour unrest rocked the country as Garment workers and Farmers demonstrated nationwide against the results of the 2018 Bangladeshi general election, the ousting and sacking of workers in Factories, harsh working conditions and deteriorating wage conditions. Police brutality and deadly clashes was met at protest movement sites and many people were killed in the strikes and Nonviolent resistance and Civil resistance movement at towns and regions nationwide. The protests was suppressed by the military on 13 January, 2019 after a wave of crackdowns for 7 days and clampdowns on the 2018 Bangladesh election violence. The result of the massive movement was mobs were arrested and 1500+ workers are sacked.
The 2000 uprising in Egypt was massive and popular labour unrest and social protests, initially private then public, against president Hosni Mubarak and the government, demanding Democracy and reforms in Egypt. However, the initial uprising was against the use of force against peaceful demonstrators in Palestine,a part of the Second Intifada. Massive protests erupted in solidarity with the Palestinian protesters, demanding democratic reforms and an end to killings of demonstrators in Palestine and Gaza strip. Pro-Palestine protests became a symbol of Civil disobedience and Disorder movements in Tahrir Square, where protests first took place. Mass protests then swept the Middle East, inspired by the popular anti-Israel sentiment in Egypt. After 2 weeks of protests in Egypt, president Hosni Mubarak ordered a crackdown on protesters and banned the burning of Flags, due to the burning of the United States of America’s flag and Israel’s flag. Chants was also voiced at national protests and demonstrations in Cairo against War and demanded peace and full independence of Palestine. One of the most famous slogans was ‘أسفل إسرائيل’, meaning ‘Down, Down Israel’. Anti-Hosni Mubarak protests swept Port Said and Suez, led by mostly students. Massive General strikes and labour protests have been also sweeping Egypt, while increasingly violent demonstrations and growing street opposition snowballed into further escalation. The Military and Tanks was deployed to disperse demonstrators while protests escalated and drew more and more groups to join the movement, calling on reforms, an end to Corruption, Hosni Mubarak to resign and demand full independence of Palestine yet the annexation and defeat of Israel. Protesters used Civil disobedience, peaceful movements, bloodless disturbances and nonviolent boycotts by schoolchildren, students, Refugees and Teachers in downtown areas nationwide. Mass protests continued, and protesters were adamant to oust the government and close the borders with Israel and see better living conditions, but however, the amount of Police brutality left many shocked and outraged. Protesters also wanted political reforms, police reforms and justice and accountability over the killings of protesters in the Second Intifada and First Intifada. Massive protests occurred on 9 October, when police killed 2 after protesters chanted slogans and pelted rocks at the Security Forces. Once the zenith of the protests became the death of protests after the bloody crackdown in the country's largest square, Tahrir Square which quashed the movement.
The political history of Africa in the 2010s covers political events in the continent between 2010 and 2019.
References
- ↑ "Egypt police suppress protests against Sisi government". The Guardian. 25 April 2016.
- ↑ "Egyptians jailed after Red Sea island protests". The Guardian. 15 May 2016.
- ↑ "TIMEP Brief: Protest and Freedom of Assembly in Egypt". The Tahrir Institute For Middle East Policy. 18 October 2017.
- ↑ "'We want bread': subsidy cut sparks protests across Egypt". The Guardian. 8 March 2017.
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