The ACE model is a statistical model commonly used to analyze the results of twin and adoption studies. This classic behaviour genetic model aims to partition the phenotypic variance into three categories: additive genetic variance (A), common (or shared) environmental factors (C), and specific (or nonshared) environmental factors plus measurement error (E). [1] It is widely used in genetic epidemiology and behavioural genetics. [2] [3] The basic ACE model relies on several assumptions, including the absence of assortative mating, [4] that there is no genetic dominance or epistasis, [5] that all genetic effects are additive, and the absence of gene-environment interactions. [3] In order to address these limitations, several variants of the ACE model have been developed, including an ACE-β model, which emphasizes the identification of causal effects, [3] and the ACDE model, which accounts for the effects of genetic dominance. [6]
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