ATP synthase gamma subunit

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ATP synthase
PDB 1bmf EBI.jpg
Structure of F1-ATPase. [1]
Identifiers
SymbolATP-synt
Pfam PF00231
InterPro IPR000131
PROSITE PDOC00138
SCOP2 1bmf / SCOPe / SUPFAM
CDD cd12151

Gamma subunit of ATP synthase F1 complex forms the central shaft that connects the Fo rotary motor to the F1 catalytic core. F-ATP synthases (also known as F1Fo ATPase, or H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) (EC 3.6.3.14) are composed of two linked complexes: the F1 ATPase complex is the catalytic core and is composed of 5 subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon), while the Fo ATPase complex is the membrane-embedded proton channel that is composed of at least 3 subunits (A-C), nine in mitochondria (A-G, F6, F8).

The human ATP synthase gamma subunit is encoded by the gene ATP5C1.

Molecular Interactions

Both the F1 and Fo complexes are rotary motors that are coupled back-to-back. In the F1 complex, the central gamma subunit forms the rotor inside the cylinder made of the alpha(3)beta(3) subunits, while in the Fo complex, the ring-shaped C subunits forms the rotor. The two rotors rotate in opposite directions, but the Fo rotor is usually stronger, using the force from the proton gradient to push the F1 rotor in reverse in order to drive ATP synthesis. [2] These ATPases can also work in reverse to hydrolyse ATP to create a proton gradient.

The ATPase F1 complex gamma subunit forms the central shaft that connects the Fo rotary motor to the F1 catalytic core. The gamma subunit functions as a rotary motor inside the cylinder formed by the alpha(3)beta(3) subunits in the F1 complex. [3] The best-conserved region of the gamma subunit is its C-terminus, which seems to be essential for assembly and catalysis.

Related Research Articles

ATPase dephosphorylation enzyme

ATPases (EC 3.6.1.3, adenylpyrophosphatase, ATP monophosphatase, triphosphatase, SV40 T-antigen, adenosine 5'-triphosphatase, ATP hydrolase, complex V (mitochondrial electron transport), (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase, HCO3−-ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion or the inverse reaction. This dephosphorylation reaction releases energy, which the enzyme (in most cases) harnesses to drive other chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur. This process is widely used in all known forms of life.

ATP synthase Enzyme

ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is:

MT-ATP8 A mitochondrial protein-coding gene whose product is involved in ATP synthesis

MT-ATP8 is a mitochondrial gene with the full name 'mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase membrane subunit 8' that encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase, ATP synthase Fo subunit 8. This subunit belongs to the Fo complex of the large, transmembrane F-type ATP synthase. This enzyme, which is also known as complex V, is responsible for the final step of oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain. Specifically, one segment of ATP synthase allows positively charged ions, called protons, to flow across a specialized membrane inside mitochondria. Another segment of the enzyme uses the energy created by this proton flow to convert a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ATP. Subunit 8 differs in sequence between Metazoa, plants and Fungi.

ATP synthase subunit C

ATPase, subunit C of Fo/Vo complex is the main transmembrane subunit of V-type, A-type and F-type ATP synthases. Subunit C was found in the Fo or Vo complex of F- and V-ATPases, respectively. The subunits form an oligomeric c ring that make up the Fo/Vo/Ao rotor, where the actual number of subunits vary greatly among specific enzymes.

ATP5B

ATP synthase F1 subunit beta, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5F1B gene.

ATP5F1A

ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5F1A gene.

ATP5J

ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial is an enzyme subunit that in humans is encoded by the ATP5PF gene.

ATP5G1

The ATP5MC1 gene is one of three human paralogs that encode membrane subunit c of the mitochondrial ATP synthase.

ATP5J2

The ATP5MF gene encodes the ATP synthase subunit f, mitochondrial enzyme in humans.

ATP synthase alpha/beta subunits

The alpha and beta subunits are found in the F1, V1, and A1 complexes of F-, V- and A-ATPases, respectively, as well as flagellar (T3SS) ATPase and the termination factor Rho. The subunits make up a ring that contains the ATP-hydrolyzing catalytic core. The F-ATPases, V-ATPases and A-ATPases are composed of two linked complexes: the F1, V1 or A1 complex containsthat synthesizes/hydrolyses ATP, and the Fo, Vo or Ao complex that forms the membrane-spanning pore. The F-, V- and A-ATPases all contain rotary motors, one that drives proton translocation across the membrane and one that drives ATP synthesis/hydrolysis.

ATP synthase delta/OSCP subunit

ATP synthase delta subunit is a subunit of bacterial and chloroplast F-ATPase/synthase. It is known as OSCP in mitochondrial ATPase.

ATP5L

ATP synthase subunit g, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5MG gene.

ATP5C1

The human ATP5F1C gene encodes the gamma subunit of an enzyme called mitochondrial ATP synthase.

ATP5F1

ATP synthase subunit b, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5PB gene.

ATP5G2

The ATP5MC2 gene is one of three human paralogs that encode membrane subunit c of the mitochondrial ATP synthase.

ATP5I

ATP synthase subunit e, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5ME gene.

ATP5H

The human gene ATP5PD encodes subunit d of the peripheral stalk part of the enzyme mitochondrial ATP synthase.

ATP5D

ATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial, also known as ATP synthase F1 subunit delta or F-ATPase delta subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5F1D gene. This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation.

ATP5E Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

ATP synthase F1 subunit epsilon, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5F1E gene. The protein encoded by ATP5F1E is a subunit of ATP synthase, also known as Complex V. Variations of this gene have been associated with mitochondrial complex V deficiency, nuclear 3 (MC5DN3) and Papillary Thyroid Cancer.

ATP5G3

The ATP5MC3 gene is one of three human paralogs that encode membrane subunit c of the mitochondrial ATP synthase.

References

  1. ↑ Abrahams JP, Leslie AG, Lutter R, Walker JE (August 1994). "Structure at 2.8 A resolution of F1-ATPase from bovine heart mitochondria". Nature. 370 (6491): 621–8. Bibcode:1994Natur.370..621A. doi:10.1038/370621a0. PMID   8065448. S2CID   4275221.
  2. ↑ Itoh H, Yoshida M, Yasuda R, Noji H, Kinosita K (2001). "Resolution of distinct rotational substeps by submillisecond kinetic analysis of F1-ATPase". Nature. 410 (6831): 898–904. Bibcode:2001Natur.410..898Y. doi:10.1038/35073513. PMID   11309608. S2CID   3274681.
  3. ↑ Junge W, Feniouk BA (2005). "Regulation of the F0F1-ATP synthase: the conformation of subunit epsilon might be determined by directionality of subunit gamma rotation". FEBS Lett. 579 (23): 5114–5118. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.08.030. PMID   16154570. S2CID   84231010.
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