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The "Letter from Birmingham Jail", also known as the "Letter from Birmingham City Jail" and "The Negro Is Your Brother", is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider", King writes: "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere."
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization based in Atlanta, Georgia. SCLC is closely associated with its first president, Martin Luther King Jr., who had a large role in the American civil rights movement.
The Christian Methodist Episcopal (C.M.E.) Church is a historically black denomination that branched from earlier Methodist groups in the United States. It is considered to be a mainline denomination. The CME Church was organized on December 16, 1870 in Jackson, Tennessee, by 41 former enslaved congregants with the full support of their white sponsors in their former Methodist Episcopal Church, South who met to form an organization that would allow them to establish and maintain their own polity. They ordained their own bishops and ministers without their being officially endorsed or appointed by the white-dominated body. They called this fellowship the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church in America, which it remained until their successors adopted the current name in 1954. The Christian Methodist Episcopal today has a church membership of people from all racial backgrounds. It adheres to Wesleyan-Arminian theology.
Jonathan Myrick Daniels was an Episcopal seminarian and civil rights activist. In 1965, he was killed by a special county deputy, Tom Coleman, who was a construction worker, in Hayneville, Alabama, while in the act of shielding 17-year-old Ruby Sales. He saved the life of the young Black civil rights activist. They were both working in the nonviolent civil rights movement in Lowndes County to integrate public places and register Black voters after passage of the Voting Rights Act that summer. Daniels' death generated further support for the civil rights movement.
Joseph Aloysius Durick was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Nashville in Tennessee from 1969 to 1975. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Mobile-Birmingham in Alabama from 1954 to 1963 and as coadjutor bishop of Nashville from 1963 to 1969.
The Birmingham campaign, also known as the Birmingham movement or Birmingham confrontation, was an American movement organized in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama.
Paul Hardin Jr. was a bishop in The Methodist Church in the U.S., elected in 1960.
Arthur James Moore was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (MECS), the Methodist Church, and the United Methodist Church, elected in 1930.
Nolan Bailey Harmon was a bishop of The Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church, elected in 1956.
Albert Burton Boutwell was the 19th Lieutenant Governor of Alabama. A Democrat, Boutwell served Governor John Malcolm Patterson of the same political party, from 1959 until 1963. Earlier in his political career he served in the state senate including as senate president.
William Clyde Martin was a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, The Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church. He distinguished himself in military service during World War I as a Methodist pastor and held ecumenical ministries with the National Council of Churches and the World Council of Churches.
Why We Can't Wait is a 1964 book by Martin Luther King Jr. about the nonviolent movement against racial segregation in the United States, and specifically the 1963 Birmingham campaign. The book describes 1963 as a landmark year in the civil rights movement, and as the beginning of America's "Negro Revolution".
Clarence Benjamin Jones is an American lawyer and the former personal counsel, advisor, draft speech writer and close friend of Martin Luther King Jr. He is a scholar in residence at the Martin Luther King Jr. Institute at Stanford University. He is the author of What Would Martin Say? and Behind the Dream: The Making of the Speech that Transformed a Nation. His next book, Last of the Lions is scheduled for release in August 2023.
Milton Louis Grafman was an American rabbi who led Temple Emanu-El in Birmingham, Alabama, from 1941 until his retirement in 1975 and then served as Rabbi Emeritus from 1975 until his death in 1995. He was one of eight local clergy members who signed a public statement criticizing the Birmingham Campaign, to which Martin Luther King Jr. responded in his Letter from Birmingham Jail.
The North Alabama Conference is an Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church. This conference serves the northern half of the state of Alabama, with its administrative offices and the office of the bishop located in Birmingham, AL. It is part of the Southeastern Jurisdictional Conference. The bishop is the Reverend Doctor Debra Wallace-Padgett.
George Mosley Murray was a bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States. He was born 1919 in Baltimore, Maryland. His mother, Emma Winston Eareckson, was a registered nurse and head of pediatric nursing in the United States Steel Corporation's villages. His father, Gerald Murray, was an engineer at the United States Steel Corporation. Murray had a brother named Gerard. As a small child, George's parents moved him to Bessemer, Alabama, his father's new place of employment. Later, George attended the University of Alabama. He died at the age of 87 on July 14, 2006, in Fairhope, Alabama.
Charles Colcock Jones Carpenter was consecrated a bishop of the Alabama Episcopal Diocese on June 24, 1938, and served until 1968. He was one of the authors of the "A Call for Unity" letter published during Martin Luther King Jr.'s incarceration in a Birmingham, Alabama jail, asking him and his “outsider” followers to refrain from demonstrating in the streets of Birmingham.
Edward V. Ramage was a minister of the Presbyterian Church in the United States in Alabama.
Mary Adelia Rosamond McLeod was the first woman diocesan bishop in the Episcopal Church. She was elected bishop of the Diocese of Vermont on June 5, 1993, at a special convention held at the Cathedral Church of St. Paul in Burlington. Clergy and lay delegates selected her from among five nominees.
Bishop Melvin G. Talbert was an American bishop in The United Methodist Church (UMC), the second largest Protestant denomination in the United States.
References
- ↑ "Alabama Clergymen's Letter to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
- ↑ "Baltimore Sun". www.tribpub.com. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ Bass, S. Jonathan (2001). Blessed Are the Peacemakers: Martin Luther King Jr., Eight White Religious Leaders, and the "Letter from Birmingham Jail". LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2800-8.
