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Dimitar Peshev was the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Bulgaria and Minister of Justice (1935-1936), before World War II. He rebelled against the pro-Nazi cabinet and prevented the deportation of Bulgaria's 48,000 Jews. He was bestowed the title of "Righteous Among the Nations".
The history of the Jews in Bulgaria goes back almost 2,000 years. Jews have had a continuous presence in historic Bulgarian lands since before the 2nd century CE, and have often played an important part in the history of Bulgaria.
The history of Bulgaria during World War II encompasses an initial period of neutrality until 1 March 1941, a period of alliance with the Axis Powers until 8 September 1944, and a period of alignment with the Allies in the final year of the war. Bulgarian military forces occupied with German consent parts of the kingdoms of Greece and Yugoslavia which Bulgarian irredentism claimed on the basis of the 1878 Treaty of San Stefano. Bulgaria resisted Axis pressure to join the war against the Soviet Union, which began on 22 June 1941, but did declare war on Britain and the United States on 13 December 1941. The Red Army entered Bulgaria on 8 September 1944; Bulgaria declared war on Germany the next day.
The history of the Jews during World War II is almost synonymous with the persecution and murder of Jews which was committed on an unprecedented scale in Europe and European North Africa. The massive scale of the Holocaust which happened during World War II greatly affected the Jewish people and world public opinion, which only understood the dimensions of the Final Solution after the war. The genocide, known as HaShoah in Hebrew, aimed at the elimination of the Jewish people on the European continent. It was a broadly organized operation led by Nazi Germany, in which approximately six million Jews were murdered methodically and with horrifying cruelty. Although the Holocaust was organized by the highest levels of the Nazi German government, the vast majority of Jews murdered were not German, but were instead residents of countries invaded by the Nazis after 1938. Of the approximately 6 million Jews murdered by the Nazis, approximately 160,000 to 180,000 were German Jews. During the Holocaust in occupied Poland, more than one million Jews were murdered in gas chambers of the Auschwitz concentration camp alone. The murder of the Jews of Europe affected Jewish communities in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Channel Islands, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine.
The history of the Jews in North Macedonia stretches back two thousand years.
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
Holocaust trains were railway transports run by the Deutsche Reichsbahn national railway system under the control of Nazi Germany and its allies, for the purpose of forcible deportation of the Jews, as well as other victims of the Holocaust, to the Nazi concentration, forced labour, and extermination camps.
The history of the Jews in Monastir reaches back two thousand years. Monastir Province was an Ottoman vilayet, created in 1864, encompassing territories in present-day Albania, North Macedonia and Greece.
The Grossaktion Warsaw was the Nazi code name for the deportation and mass murder of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto during the summer of 1942, beginning on 22 July. During the Grossaktion, Jews were terrorized in daily round-ups, marched through the ghetto, and assembled at the Umschlagplatz station square for what was called in the Nazi euphemistic jargon "resettlement to the East". From there, they were sent aboard overcrowded Holocaust trains to the extermination camp in Treblinka.
The Grodno Ghetto was a Nazi ghetto established in November 1941 by Nazi Germany in the city of Grodno for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of Jews in Western Belarus.
The Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia is a memorial to the Holocaust of the 7,148 Jews from North Macedonia and the history of the Jews in the Balkans, located in Skopje, the capital city of North Macedonia.
The Third Half is a Macedonian-Czech-Serbian film that deals with Macedonian football during World War II, and the deportation of Jews from Macedonia. It is a story of love during wartime and a country's passion for soccer. The government of North Macedonia considered the film of national interest and funded it with one million euros. The Third Half was selected as the Macedonian entry for Best Foreign Language at the 85th Academy Awards.
The Holocaust in Bulgaria was the persecution, deportation, and annihilation of Jews between 1939 and 1944 in the Kingdom of Bulgaria and Bulgarian-occupied Yugoslavia and Greece during World War II, arranged by the Nazi Germany-allied government of Tsar Boris III and prime minister Bogdan Filov. The persecution began in 1939, intensified after early 1941, and culminated in deportations of Jews from Bulgaria to extermination camps. The arrest and deportation of Jews began in March 1943. Almost all – 11,343 – of the Jews living in Bulgarian-occupied regions of Macedonia, Thrace, and Pomoravlje were deported by the Bulgarian authorities, and sent on through Bulgaria to the Treblinka extermination camp in German-occupied Poland.
The Kielce Ghetto was a Jewish World War II ghetto created in 1941 by the Schutzstaffel (SS) in the Polish city of Kielce in the south-western region of the Second Polish Republic, occupied by German forces from 4 September 1939. Before the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939, Kielce was the capital of the Kielce Voivodeship. The Germans incorporated the city into Distrikt Radom of the semi-colonial General Government territory. The liquidation of the ghetto took place in August 1942, with over 21,000 victims deported to their deaths at the Treblinka extermination camp, and several thousands more shot, face-to-face.
Szczuczyn pogrom was the massacre of some 300 Jews in the community of Szczuczyn carried out by its Polish inhabitants in June 1941 after the town was bypassed by the invading German soldiers in the beginning of Operation Barbarossa. The June massacre was stopped by German soldiers.
In March 1943, about 4,075 Jews living in Bulgarian-occupied eastern Greek Macedonia and Western Thrace were deported to Treblinka extermination camp and murdered. In an operation coordinated by Bulgaria and Germany, almost all Jews in Bulgarian-occupied Greece were rounded up on the early morning of 4 March 1943, held in camps in Bulgaria, and reached Treblinka by the end of the month. The death rate of 97 percent of the Jews living in the area in 1943 was one of the highest in Europe.
Sofija Grandakovska is an academic, poet and author in the field of comparative literature studies and interdisciplinary studies in Holocaust, Jewish history, literature and culture, with a specialization in the Jewish and Holocaust history in the Balkans. Another area of interest is Byzantine studies. She has significant publications in literary and visual semiotics, literary theory, critics and interpretation and art.
The Jews in Macedonia during the Second World War (1941-1945) is a collection of archival documents concerning the fate of the Macedonian Jews in the years 1941-1945, co-edited by Žamila Kolonomos and Vera Vesković-Vangeli and published in 1986.
"The Jews from Macedonia and the Holocaust" was an international research project realized by the Institute for Social Sciences and Humanities "Euro-Balkan" in Skopje, North Macedonia, at the Department for Cultural and Visual Research in 2010–2011. It was led by Prof. Dr. Sofija Grandakovska and it materialized in a chrestomathy and an exhibition with the same name.
References
- 1 2 3 4 Stefan Troebst (2013). "Macedonian Historiography on the Holocaust in Macedonia under Bulgarian Occupation" (PDF). Südosteuropäische Hefte, 2(1), 107-114. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
- ↑ Nadège Ragaru (15 March 2017). "Contrasting Destinies : The Plight of Bulgarian Jews and the Jews in Bulgarian-occupied Greek and Yugoslav Territories during World War Two". Sciences Po . Retrieved 16 June 2021.
- ↑ "Sofija Grandakovska - Unearthing Catastrophe in Macedonia - John Jay Fall 2019 Visiting Scholar". John Jay College of Criminal Justice . Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ↑ Jovan Ćulibrk - The Holocaust of the Macedonian Jews in Historiography, in The Jews from Macedonia and the Holocaust: History, Theory, Culture , edited by Sofija Grandakovska, 2011, 588-606
- 1 2 3 Nadège Ragaru (2017). "Bordering the Past: The Elusive Presences of the Holocaust in Socialist Macedonia and Socialist Bulgaria". Südost-Forschungen. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
- ↑ Nadège Ragaru (2017). "Nationalization through Internationalization. Writing, Remembering and Commemorating the Holocaust in Macedonia and Bulgaria after 1989". Südosteuropa, vol. 65, no. 2, 284-315. Retrieved 16 June 2021.