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Sarah Aaronsohn; 5 January 1890 – 9 October 1917) was a member of Nili, a ring of Jewish spies working for the British in World War I, and a sister of agronomist Aaron Aaronsohn. She is often referred to as the "heroine of Nili."
NILI was a Jewish espionage network which assisted the United Kingdom in its fight against the Ottoman Empire in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem between 1915 and 1917, during World War I. NILI was centered in Zikhron Ya'akov, with branches in Hadera and other Moshava. Nili is an acronym which stands for the Hebrew phrase from the First Book of Samuel: "Netzah Yisrael Lo Yeshaker", which translates as "the Eternal One of Israel will not lie". The British government code-named NILI the "A Organization", according to a 1920 misfiled memorandum in the British National Archives, as described in the book Spies in Palestine by James Srodes.
Conn is a masculine English and Irish-language given name, as well as an English-language surname. The origin of the given name is uncertain. It may be related to the Old Irish cond, or perhaps to the Old Irish cenn. The latter word-origin may have resulted from a popular, but incorrect etymology, applied to the Old Irish terms Leth Cuinn and Dál Cuinn; these terms originally meant "half of the chief" or "half of the king" and "tribe of the chief" but were mistakenly regarded to mean "half of Conn" and "tribe of Conn". In some cases the given name is as a short form of names that begin with the first syllable Con-.
Zikhron Ya'akov is a town in Israel, 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Haifa, and part of the Haifa District. It is located at the southern end of the Carmel mountain range overlooking the Mediterranean Sea, near the coastal highway. It was one of the first Jewish settlements of Halutzim in the country, founded in 1882 by Romanian Jews, who in 1883 received support from Baron Edmond James de Rothschild and renamed their town in honor of his father, James Mayer de Rothschild. In 2022 it had a population of 24,145.
Aaron Aaronsohn was a Romanian-born Ottoman agronomist, botanist, and political activist, who lived most of his life in Ottoman Syria. Aaronsohn was the discoverer of emmer, believed to be "the mother of wheat." He founded and was head of the NILI espionage network.
Darwish and Darvish are alternate transliterations of the Persian word "dervish", used in Arabic: درويش, referring to a Sufi aspirant. There is no v sound in most Modern Arabic dialects and so the originally Persian word is usually pronounced with a w sound in Arabic. The word appears as a surname in the Levant or for people descended from Levantine communities, particularly in Lebanon, Syria, Israel, the Palestinian territories and Afghanistan. In Iraq, the surname, which in Arabic means "wandering, roaming", has been borne by people of Jewish descent as well.
Auld is a Scottish surname meaning "old". Notable people with the name include:
Hess or Heß, a German and Ashkenazic surname, meaning somebody originally from the region of Hesse. Two alternative origins have been reported. Usage in the south of Germany may arise from a contraction of the personal name Matthäus.
The surname Burns has several origins. In some cases, it derived from the Middle English or Scots burn, and originated as a topographic name for an individual who lived by a stream. In other cases the surname is a variant form of the surname Burnhouse, which originated as a habitational name, derived from a place name made up of the word elements burn and house. In other cases the surname Burns originated as a nickname meaning "burn house". In other cases, the surname Burns is an Anglicised form of the Irish Ó Broin, which means "descendant of Bran". In some cases the surname Burns is an Americanized form of the Jewish surname Bernstein, which is derived from the German bernstein ("amber").
Matheson is a surname derived from either an anglicised form of Scottish Gaelic surnames or the patronymic form of a short form of the English Matthew. This English personal name is ultimately derived from the Biblical Hebrew מַתִּתְיָהוּ (mattiṯyāhū), which means "gift of God". An early record form of the surname Matheson is Mathyson, recorded in 1392; this recorded name literally means "son of Mathi"—Mathi being a pet form of Matthew. Two different Scottish Gaelic surnames have been Anglicised Matheson. One such surname is Mac Mhathghamhuin, which became Anglicised Matheson on account of its similar sound. This Gaelic surname is of an entirely different etymology than Matheson, as the Gaelic mathghamhuin means "bear". Another Gaelic surname Anglicised Matheson is Mac Matha. This Gaelic surname is derived from the patronymic form of a Gaelic form of Matthew.
Aaron is a primarily Jewish surname which is derived from the given name Aaron. There are several surname variants including Aarons, Aaronson, and Aron. Not all occurrences of the surname are Jewish.
Ben-Aharon is a patronymic surname most commonly found in Israel, originating from "Aaron" of the Old Testament, and meaning "son of mountaineer". There are several patronym surname variants including "Aharonson", "Aaronson", and "Aaronsohn". Aharon is a Hebrew masculine given name common in Israel. Notable people with the surname Ben-Aharon include:
Aron is a masculine given name and a surname. It is an alternate spelling of Aaron, a prominent biblical figure in the Old Testament. The name Aron means "mountaineer", or "mount of strength". People with the name Aron include:
Aarons is a Jewish patronymic surname, meaning "son of Aaron", the prefix Aaron meaning "lofty". It is most common amongst Jews in English language countries. It is uncommon as a given name. Notable people with the surname include:
Abraham is a surname. It can be of Jewish, English, French, German, Dutch, Irish, Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Lebanese, Syrian and other origins. It is derived from the Hebrew personal name Avraham, borne by the biblical patriarch Abraham, revered by Jews as a founding father of the Jewish people, and by Muslims as founder of all Semitic peoples. The name is explained in Genesis 17:5 as being derived from the Hebrew av hamon goyim "father of a multitude of nations". It was commonly used as a given name among Christians in the Middle Ages, and has always been a popular Jewish given name. The English name Abram is often a short form of Abraham, but it can also be a shortened version of Adburgham, which comes from a place name. As an Irish name, it was adopted as an approximation of the Gaelic name Mac an Bhreitheamhan "son of the judge". The German name Brahm is often a short form of Abraham, but it can also be a topographic name signifying someone who lived near a bramble thicket. The name Braham has been used as an Anglicization of both Abraham and its patronymic Abrahams by Ashkenazi Jews in the British Isles. Abraham has also been used as an Anglicization of the equivalent Arabic surname Ibrāhīm. It is also found as a given name among Christians in India, and has come to be used as a family name among families from Kerala.
Bornstein is a German and Ashkenazi surname. It may refer to:
Diamant is an Ashkenazi Jewish occupational name, meaning diamond.
Gillespie is both a masculine given name and a surname in the English language. Variants include Gillaspie and Gillispie.
Jaffe and its variant spellings Jaffé and Yaffe are Hebrew-language surnames.
Koval is a Ukrainian surname. The word means "blacksmith", making "Koval" the equivalent of "Smith" in the English-speaking world. Notable people with the name include:
References
- ↑ Schreiber, Mordecai; Schiff, Alvin I.; Klenicki, Leon (2003). The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Schreiber. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-887563-77-2.
- ↑ Harrison, Henry (1969). Surnames of the United Kingdom: A Concise Etymological Dictionary. Vol. 1. Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 1.
- ↑ Hanks, P.; Coates, R.; McClure, P. (2016). The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland. OUP Oxford. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-252747-9 . Retrieved 20 September 2018.
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