Related Research Articles
The Oil-for-Food Programme (OIP),established by the United Nations in 1995 was established to allow Iraq to sell oil on the world market in exchange for food,medicine,and other humanitarian needs for ordinary Iraqi citizens without allowing Iraq to boost its military capabilities.
Iraq under Saddam Hussein saw severe violations of human rights,which were considered to be among the worst in the world. Secret police,state terrorism,torture,mass murder,genocide,ethnic cleansing,rape,deportations,extrajudicial killings,forced disappearances,assassinations,chemical warfare,and the destruction of the Mesopotamian marshes were some of the methods Saddam and the country's Ba'athist government used to maintain control. The total number of deaths and disappearances related to repression during this period is unknown,but is estimated to be at least 250,000 to 290,000 according to Human Rights Watch,with the great majority of those occurring as a result of the Anfal genocide in 1988 and the suppression of the uprisings in Iraq in 1991. Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International issued regular reports of widespread imprisonment and torture.
The Iraqi Governing Council (IGC) was the provisional government of Iraq from 13 July 2003 to 1 June 2004. It was established by and served under the United States-led Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA). The IGC consisted of various Iraqi political and tribal leaders who were appointed by the CPA to provide advice and leadership of the country until the June 2004 transfer of sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government.
Investment in post-2003 Iraq refers to international efforts to rebuild the infrastructure of Iraq since the Iraq War in 2003. Along with the economic reform of Iraq,international projects have been implemented to repair and upgrade Iraqi water and sewage treatment plants,electricity production,hospitals,schools,housing,and transportation systems. Much of the work has been funded by the Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,and the Coalition Provisional Authority.
Camp Bucca was a forward operating base that housed a theater internment facility maintained by the United States military in the vicinity of Umm Qasr,Iraq. After being taken over by the U.S. military in April 2003,it was renamed after Ronald Bucca,a NYC fire marshal who died in the 11 September 2001 attacks. The site where Camp Bucca was built had earlier housed the tallest structure in Iraq,a 492-meter-high TV mast.
During the early stages of the Iraq War,members of the United States Army and the CIA committed a series of human rights violations and war crimes against detainees in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq,including physical and sexual abuse,torture,rape and the killing of Manadel al-Jamadi. The abuses came to public attention with the publication of photographs of the abuse by CBS News in April 2004. The incidents caused shock and outrage,receiving widespread condemnation within the United States and internationally.
About six months after the United States invasion of Iraq of 2003,rumors of Iraq prison abuse scandals started to emerge.
Geoffrey D. Miller is a retired United States Army major general who commanded the US detention facilities at Guantanamo Bay,Cuba,and Iraq. Detention facilities in Iraq under his command included Abu Ghraib prison,Camp Cropper,and Camp Bucca. He is noted for having trained soldiers in using torture,or "enhanced interrogation techniques" in US euphemism,and for carrying out the "First Special Interrogation Plan," signed by the Secretary of Defense,against a Guantanamo detainee.
Hooding is the placing of a hood over the entire head of a prisoner. Hooding is widely considered to be a form of torture;one legal scholar considers the hooding of prisoners to be a violation of international law,specifically the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions,which demand that persons under custody or physical control of enemy forces be treated humanely. Hooding can be dangerous to a prisoner's health and safety. It is considered to be an act of torture when its primary purpose is sensory deprivation during interrogation;it causes "disorientation,isolation,and dread." According to the International Committee of the Red Cross,hooding is used to prevent a person from seeing,to disorient them,to make them anxious,to preserve their torturer's anonymity,and to prevent the person from breathing freely.
Torture,the infliction of severe physical or psychological pain upon an individual to extract information or a confession,or as an illicit extrajudicial punishment,is prohibited by international law and is illegal in most countries. However,it is still used by many governments. The subject of this article is the use of torture since the adoption of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR),which prohibited it.
In May 2003,following the invasion of Iraq in March of that year,the Central Bank of Iraq-Development Fund for Iraq (DFI) account was created at the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of New York at the request of the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) Administrator. A part of the fund has been transferred to Baghdad and Iraq,and the DFI-Baghdad account was opened at the Central Bank of Iraq "for cash payment requirements". The fund also eventually received money from seized and "vested" Iraqi bank accounts and funds seized by coalition forces. $650 million of this amount belongs to Uday Saddam Hussein,the older son of the former Iraqi president. The DFI have been disbursed mainly for "the wheat purchase program,the currency exchange program,the electricity and oil infrastructure programs,equipment for Iraqis security forces,and for Iraqi civil service salaries and ministry budget operations".
The human rights record of North Korea is often considered to be the worst in the world and has been globally condemned,with the United Nations,the European Union and groups such as Human Rights Watch all critical of the country's record. Most international human rights organizations consider North Korea to have no contemporary parallel with respect to violations of liberty.
Ghost detainee is a term used in the executive branch of the United States government to designate a person held in a detention center,whose identity has been hidden by keeping them unregistered and therefore anonymous. Such uses arose as the Bush administration initiated the War on Terror following the 9/11 attacks of 2001 in the United States. As documented in the 2004 Taguba Report,it was used in the same manner by United States officials and contractors of the Joint Interrogation and Debriefing Center at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq in 2003–2004.
The Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) is the central bank of Iraq. It was established in 1947,the same year in which the British occupation of Iraq was ended. CBI's primary objectives are to ensure domestic price stability and foster a stable competitive market based financial system.
Command responsibility is the legal doctrine of hierarchical accountability for war crimes,whereby a superior officer is legally responsible for war crimes committed by subordinates.
The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base,also referred to as Guantánamo,GTMO,and Gitmo,on the coast of Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Of the roughly 780 people detained there since January 2002 when the military prison first opened after the September 11 attacks,735 have been transferred elsewhere,35 remain there,and 9 have died while in custody.
Community Peacemaker Teams or CPT is an international organization set up to support teams of peace workers in conflict areas around the world. The organization uses these teams to achieve its aims of lower levels of violence,nonviolent direct action,human rights documentation and nonviolence training in direct action. CPT sums up their work as being "committed to reducing violence by 'getting in the way'".
Bakhtiar Amin is a Kurdish Iraqi politician who was the Human Rights Minister in the Iraqi Interim Government from June 2004 to May 2005.
The Iraq War documents leak is the disclosure to WikiLeaks of 391,832 United States Army field reports,also called the Iraq War Logs,of the Iraq War from 2004 to 2009 and published on the Internet on 22 October 2010. The files record 66,081 civilian deaths out of 109,000 recorded deaths. The leak resulted in the Iraq Body Count project adding 15,000 civilian deaths to their count,bringing their total to over 150,000,with roughly 80% of those civilians. It is the biggest leak in the military history of the United States,surpassing the Afghan War documents leak of 25 July 2010.
Stacy L. Garrity is an American politician,businesswoman,and soldier. She is currently serving as Pennsylvania Treasurer as a Republican,a position to which she was elected in 2020. She previously served in the United States Army Reserve for 30 years and through three deployments during the Gulf War and Iraq War,where she was called "The Angel of the Desert" by other US military officers. She left the Army Reserve in 2016 at the rank of colonel. Garrity worked at Global Tungsten &Powders Corp. from 1987 to 2021,where she reached the level of Vice President. In 2019,Garrity entered politics and ran for the Republican nomination for a special election in Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district,but lost to Fred Keller,who went on to win in the general election.
References
- ↑ "Iraq's post-war cabinet". BBC News. 2003-09-01. Retrieved 2006-02-24.
- ↑ Iraq's Turki criticises coalition 'violations' Archived 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine , Middle East Online , 18 November 2003
- ↑ Six reprimanded over abuse, The Age , 4 May 2004
- ↑ $800 million is snuck out of Iraq each week, The Christian Science Monitor , 1 November 2012
 | This article about an Iraqi politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |