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Abortion in flowers and developing fruits is a common occurrence in plants. [1]
An abortive flower [2] is one that possesses stamens but has an underdeveloped or absent pistil, preventing it from developing into fruit. [3] This phenomenon can occur naturally due to developmental, genetic, or environmental factors. Abortive flowers are often sterile or non-functional in reproduction, though they may still play ecological roles.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants typically requires both male (stamens) and female (pistils) organs, though many species produce unisexual flowers or rely on cross-pollination. When the pistil fails to develop properly, pollination cannot lead to fertilization, resulting in reproductive failure and fruit abortion. Studies have also shown that hermaphroditic or bisexual flowers tend to exhibit higher rates of fruit abortion compared to unisexual flowers, possibly due to resource allocation conflicts or selective fertilization pressures. [4] [5]
Illustrative examples include species affected by Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae , a gall-forming wasp that causes extensive floral abortion in invasive Australian wattles.
Flower abortion may occur due to one or more of the following causes:
Several plant species or associated organisms exhibit noteworthy patterns of flower or fruit abortion: