Acacia longifolia

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Acacia longifolia
Acacia-longifolia-branch.jpg
Foliage and blossoms of Acacia longifolia
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Acacia
Species:
A. longifolia
Binomial name
Acacia longifolia
Acacia-longifolia-range-map.png
Range of Acacia longifolia
Synonyms
  • Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd. var. typica Benth.
  • Mimosa longifolia Andrews
  • Mimosa macrostachya Poir.
  • Phyllodoce longifolia (Andrews) Link
  • Racosperma longifolium (Andrews) C. Mart. [4]
Acacia longifolia foliage and inflorescences Acacia longifolia 03.jpg
Acacia longifolia foliage and inflorescences

Acacia longifolia is a species of Acacia native to southeastern Australia, from the extreme southeast of Queensland, eastern New South Wales, eastern and southern Victoria, and southeastern South Australia. Common names for it include long-leaved wattle, acacia trinervis, aroma doble, golden wattle, coast wattle, sallow wattle and Sydney golden wattle. It is not listed as being a threatened species, [5] [4] and is considered invasive in Portugal, New Zealand [6] and South Africa. [7] In the southern region of Western Australia, it has become naturalised and has been classed as a weed by out-competing indigenous species. It is a tree that grows very quickly reaching 7–10 m in five to six years. [8]

Contents

Description

Golden wattle occurs as both a shrub or tree that can reach a height of up to 8 m (26 ft). It has smooth to finely fissured greyish coloured bark and glabrous branchlets that are angled towards the apices. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The evergreen and glabrous phyllodes are mostly straight but occasionally slightly curved with a length of 4 to 20 cm (1.6 to 7.9 in) and a width of 4 to 30 mm (0.16 to 1.18 in) and have numerous prominent longitudinal veins. It blooms between June and October in its native range producing simple inflorescences that occur singly or in pairs in the phyllode axils on stalks with a length of less than 2 mm (0.079 in). The cylindrical flower-spikes have a length of 2 to 4.5 cm (0.79 to 1.77 in) packed with bright to pale yellow coloured flowers. [9] Following flowering thinly leathery to firmly papery seed pods form that are straight to strongly twisted and raised over and constricted between each of the seeds. The pods are usually 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 5.9 in) in length and 2.5 to 6 mm (0.098 to 0.236 in) and reasonably brittle when dry. [9]

Taxonomy

The species was first formally described by Henry Cranke Andrews in 1802 as Mimosa longifolia in The Botanist's Repository for New, and Rare Plants then in 1806 as Acacia longifolia in the Carl Ludwig Willdenow publication Species Plantarum . It was reclassified as Racosperma longifolium in 1987 by Leslie Pedley then transferred back to genus Acacia in 2006. Other synonyms include Mimosa macrostachya and Phyllodoce longifolia. [10]

The specific epithet refers to the long phyllodes on this species. [9]

There are two recognised subspecies: [5]

Distribution

The species is endemic to coastal area of south eastern Queensland close to the border with New South Wales extending southward down the coast of New South Wales. In New South Wales it is common along the tablelands and coastal areas where it is situated in various habitats including foredunes and is usually a part of sclerophyll woodland or coastal heath and scrub communities. [9] The range then extends south and east through Victoria and into South Australia. In South Australia it is found on the Eyre Peninsula, Yorke Peninsula, Kangaroo Island, southern Lofty Ranges and throughout the south eastern region where it is mostly restricted to sand dunes. [11]

It has become naturalised in the south west of Western Australia in coastal areas extending from around Perth in the north down to around Albany in the south. It is thought to have introduced by escaping from gardens and being used in restoration plantings. Control methods include hand pulling seedlings and ringbarking or using glyphosate on older plants. [12]

Uses

Acacia longifolia is widely cultivated in subtropical regions of the world. Its uses include prevention of soil erosion, food (flowers, seeds and seed pods), yellow dye (from the flowers), green dye (pods) and wood. [13] The flower colour derives from the organic compound kaempferol. [14] The tree's bark has limited use in tanning, primarily for sheepskin. It is useful for securing uninhabited sand in coastal areas, primarily where there are not too many hard frosts. [15] In Tasmania the ripening pods were roasted and the seeds removed and eaten. [16]

Young galls of Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae, still showing the branch morphology of the galled buds. One of the phyllodes already seems to be showing stress and might be expected to drop within a few weeks or months. Galls of Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae (Froggatt) 9798.jpg
Young galls of Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae, still showing the branch morphology of the galled buds. One of the phyllodes already seems to be showing stress and might be expected to drop within a few weeks or months.

Cultivation

The shrub is available commercially and can be propagated by seed scarification or boiling water treatment. It is regarded as an attractive, hardy, fast-growing species suitable as a hedge plant or for screening. Suitable for hydroseeding work on banks where it will provide soil stabilization. Sydney golden wattle is well suited for low maintenance areas such as road batters, will grow in a range of soil types and is frost hardy. [17] It is heavily used at present in Southern California as a street canopy tree, as it grows fairly quickly (reaching a height of five meters within a year or two of planting), tolerates drought, and is resilient even to the particularly brutal pruning practices associated with low-cost tree services.

In Portugal the species is considered highly invasive in sand dunes and its cultivation is prohibited by law. [18]

Control

In South Africa at least, the Pteromalid wasp Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae has been introduced from Australia, and has spread rapidly, achieving substantial control. [19] The effect on the trees has been described as drastic seed reduction (typically over 90%) by galling of reproductive buds, and indirect debilitation of the affected plant by increased abscission of inflorescences adjacent to the growing galls. The presence of galls also caused leaf abscission, reducing vegetative growth as well as reproductive output.

Phytochemistry

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Acacia saligna</i> Species of plant in the family Fabaceae native to Australia

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<i>Acacia ligulata</i> Species of plant

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<i>Acacia implexa</i> Species of plant

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<i>Acacia complanata</i> Species of legume

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<i>Acacia decurrens</i> Species of legume

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<i>Acacia falcata</i> Species of legume

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<i>Acacia fimbriata</i> Species of legume

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<i>Acacia binervia</i> Species of plant

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<i>Acacia myrtifolia</i> Species of plant

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<i>Trichilogaster</i> Genus of wasps

Trichilogaster is a small genus of chalcid wasps in the family Pteromalidae, subfamily Ormocerinae. With one described exception, they all are Australian species that are gall-formers on Australian species of Acacia. The exception is an Arabian species. Apart from its ecological interest, the genus is of practical importance because some of its members are successful biocontrol agents in South Africa at least, where T. acaciaelongifoliae and T. signiventris have been established successfully to control invasive Australian Acacia species, notably Acacia longifolia and Acacia pycnantha.

<i>Acacia linifolia</i> Species of legume

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<i>Trichilogaster signiventris</i> Species of wasp

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<i>Acacia courtii</i> Species of legume

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<i>Acacia subporosa</i> Species of legume

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References

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  3. "Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000. n.d. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
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  5. 1 2 Australian Plant Name Index: Acacia longifolia
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  7. Vespa australiana pode ajudar a reduzir invasão das acácias
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  11. "Acacia longifolia". Electronic Flora of South Australia species Fact Sheet. Government of South Australia . Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  12. "Acacia longifolia". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  13. Plants for a Future: Acacia longifolia
  14. Lycaeum: Phytochemistry Intro Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  15. Ferdinand Mueller (freiherr von) (1884). Select extra-tropical plants readily eligible for industrial culture or naturalization. G.S. Davis. pp. 7–. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
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  18. Derkx, M.P.M.; Brouwer, J.H.D.; Van Breda, P.J.M.; Helsen, H.H.M.; Hoffman, M.H.A.; Hop, M.E.C.M. (2015). "Extensive literature search for preparatory work to support pan European pest risk assessment: Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae" (PDF). EFSA Supporting Publications. Wageningen University and Research. 12 (4). doi:10.2903/SP.EFSA.2015.EN-764. S2CID   89213286. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
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  20. 1 2 Repke DB (1975). "The histamine amides of Acacia longifolia". Lloydia. 38 (2): 101–5. PMID   1134208.
  21. Hegnauer, Robert (1994). Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Springer. ISBN   3-7643-2979-3., Nen in Entheogen Review (journal) 1994-7