 | This article may be a rough translation from Italian. It may have been generated, in whole or in part, by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency.(April 2023) |
The Academia della Farnesina, also known as the Accademia fascista maschile di educazione fisica or Accademia fascista della Farnesina, was a centre for sport and political education in Fascist Italy.
The Fascist School of Physical Education opened on 5 February 1928 and was initially hosted in the Farnesina, in the Military Academy of Physical Education. [1] The institute had an essential aim: to train the Physical Education teachers of the Italian schools and the sport instructors of the Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB). However, the lack of youth leaders obliged Renato Ricci, president of the ONB, to partially change the aims of the institute. As a consequence, the school became the most important centre for training the male leadership of the Fascist youth organizations.
Study at the Farnesina lasted two years. After students obtained their certificate, they attended a nine-month apprenticeship. After that, they were permanently hired by the Opera Nazionale Balilla. During the course of study, students played many sports and gymnastic activities and attended various classes; for example, anatomy, physiology, first aid, traumatology, hygiene, psychology, Fascist law, philosophy, pedagogy, history of physical education, art, singing, French, and English. [2]
One year after its inauguration, the school changed its name to "Accademia fascista di educazione fisica" ("Fascist Academy of Physical Education"). Ricci wanted it to be "the biggest educational experiment" ever tried in order to create the new man. [3] The institute had to guarantee to the Opera Nazionale Balilla the educators and leaders it needed. From 1929 onwards, being a member of the National Fascist Party became a prerequisite to applying for a position at the school. The applicants were chosen partially by taking into consideration years spent in Fascist organizations. The syllabi at the school were also changed starting in 1929; all the subjects, considered necessary in order to train from a political point of view the future leaders of the youth organizations, became treated as essential. Alumni of the school were assigned different roles according to their capacity shown during the course, some of them becoming teachers in the school, and others (the most suitable ones from a political point of view) became youth leaders. [4]
The Institute moved to its final seat at "Palazzo H" of the Foro Mussolini in November 1932. [5]
Two laws stated clearly the foundation of the organization and the aims of the Foro Mussolini Institute: the Royal Decree 1.227 of 28 August 1931 and the Royal Decree 1.592 of 31 August 1933. According to such legislative measures the school had to be a centre to train and select the Fascist Youth leadership. [6]
In 1937, the Fascist Youth Organization became a party organization and changed its name from Opera Nazionale Balilla to Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL). Consequently, the school also had to be reorganized. In April 1938, the General Command of the GIL appointed two commissions. Their aim was to draft new statutes and new syllabi for the Fascist Academies of Rome and Orvieto. [7] Following the lines drawn by the two commissions, the Italian Parliament promulgated a new law, No. 866 of 22 May 1939, which ordered both institutes to operate until the end of the Fascist regime. The Foro Mussolini Institute changed its name to "Accademia della GIL". The academy depended on the Fascist Party directly rather than, as before, on the Ministry of National Education. It became an educational centre closely tied to the Party. The courses were now extended to three years, [8] and studying the German language became compulsory in 1940. [9] The subjects were divided into four sections: political, military, biological-scientific, and sport. [10] Unlike all other Italian institutes, the degrees of the academy were awarded not in the name of the King, but in the name of the Duce.
To become a student at the academy, it was necessary to pass a public selection and to demonstrate to be deserving from a moral, political, racial, personal and family point of view. The applications were not sent by young people themselves, but by the local commands of the Youth organization. These selected the applicants they found most suitable to attend the school. [11] After 1938 racial purity became an essential requirement and Jewish students were expelled. [12]
On 30 October 1940 Riccardo Versari, who had been chancellor of the school since its foundation, left his seat to Nicola Pende, father of the Italian Somatotype and constitutional psychology and one of the scientists who wrote down the Manifesto of Race. He tried in vain to transform the schools in Rome and Orvieto into universities. [13]
After the end of the Fascist regime on 25 July 1943, the GIL was dissolved and the schools were closed. In the Repubblica Sociale Italiana (RSI), Renato Ricci created a new youth organization known as Opera Balilla. He also founded once again the male and female academies respectively in Gallarate and in Castiglione Olona. [14] When the war ended, many students, who couldn't finish the courses at the Fascist academies, asked to complete their training and to get the final degree. As a consequence, Parliament approved in 1950 law number 415. It stated that it was necessary to organize some courses so that the former students, who had to stop attending the academies, could pass the final exams. This law gave the possibility to many students, first of all, those expelled for racial reasons, to finish their courses. The law stated also that the courses organized in the RSI and the degrees granted by the academies of Gallarate and Castiglione Olona were not to be acknowledged by the Italian democratic state. [15] On 20 February 1951, the High Council of Public Education approved the regulation for the organization of the courses that took place in Rome from 1951 to 1954. [16] To guarantee the training of the physical education teachers of the Italian democratic republic it was opened in Rome the Istituto Superiore di Educazione Fisica (ISEF) (or High Institute for Physical Education) in 1953. Only on 25 January 1967, the Institute obtained a final seat at the former GIL Music Academy located at the Foro Italico (former Foro Mussolini). [17]
Sergio Panunzio was an Italian theoretician of national syndicalism. In the 1920s, he became a major theoretician of Italian Fascism.
Giuseppe Bottai was an Italian journalist and member of the National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini.
Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) was an Italian Fascist youth organization functioning between 1926 and 1937, when it was absorbed into the Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL), a youth section of the National Fascist Party.
Fascist architecture encompasses various stylistic trends in architecture developed by architects of fascist states, primarily in the early 20th century. Fascist architectural styles gained popularity in the late 1920s with the rise of modernism along with the ultranationalism associated with fascist governments in western Europe. Fascist styles often resemble that of ancient Rome, but can extend to modern aesthetics as well. Fascist-era buildings are frequently constructed with particular concern given to symmetry; simplicity; and monumental size, especially for public buildings.
Giacomo Boni was an Italian archaeologist specializing in Roman architecture. He is most famous for his work in the Roman Forum.
Foro Italico is a sports complex in Rome, Italy, on the slopes of Monte Mario. It was built between 1928 and 1938 as the Foro Mussolini under the design of Enrico Del Debbio and, later, Luigi Moretti. Inspired by the Roman forums of the imperial age, its design is lauded as a preeminent example of Italian fascist architecture instituted by Mussolini. The purpose of the prestigious project was to get the Olympic Games of 1940 to be organised by fascist Italy and held in Rome.
The Royal Academy of Italy was a short-lived Italian academy of the Fascist period. It was created on 7 January 1926 by royal decree, but was not inaugurated until 28 October 1929. It was effectively dissolved in 1943 with the fall of Mussolini, and was finally suppressed on 28 September 1944. All of its functions and assets, including the Villa Farnesina, were passed to the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Until 25 April 1945 it continued some activity in the Villa Carlotta on Lake Como near Tremezzo in Lombardy.
Enrico Del Debbio was an Italian architect and university professor.
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Luigi Walter Moretti was an Italian architect. Active especially in Italy from the 1930s, he designed buildings such as the Watergate Complex in Washington DC, The Academy of Fencing, and Il Girasole house, both in Rome. He was the founder of the Institute for Operations Research and Applied Mathematics Urbanism, where he developed his research on the history of architecture, and on the application of algorithmic methods to architectural design. He is recognized as the inventor of parametric architecture.
Arab Lictor Youth was a fascist youth organization for Arab youth in Italian Libya.
Ethiopian Lictor Youth was a fascist youth organization in Ethiopia. Founded in 1936, GEL was modelled after the Gioventù Italiana del Littorio and the Arab Lictor Youth in Libya.
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This is a list of words, terms, concepts, and slogans in the Italian language and Latin language which were specifically used in Fascist Italian monarchy and Italian Social Republic.
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Arnaldo Mussolini was an Italian journalist and politician. He was the brother of fascist Prime Minister of Italy Benito Mussolini, and a fascist himself. He was also the brother of Edvige Mussolini and the brother-in-law of Rachele Mussolini.
Fascist mysticism was a current of political and religious thought in Fascist Italy, based on Fideism, a belief that faith existed without reason, and that Fascism should be based on a mythology and spiritual mysticism. A School of Fascist Mysticism was founded in Milan on April 10, 1930. Active until 1943, its main objective was the training of future Fascist leaders who were indoctrinated in the study of various Fascist intellectuals who tried to abandon the purely political to create a spiritual understanding of Fascism. Fascist mysticism in Italy developed through the work of Niccolò Giani with the decisive support of Arnaldo Mussolini.
Accademia often refers to:
Stile Littorio denotes an architectural language developed in Italy in the 1930s and featured in a large number of public buildings commissioned by the Fascist regime until its fall.
The Fascist University Groups were the student branch of the Italian National Fascist Party. Founded in 1920 and restructured in 1927, they brought together all the Italian students who were obliged to enroll there. The purpose of the GUF was to educate the future ruling class following the doctrine of Mussolini's fascist regime. From 1934, they organized annual meetings, called Littoriali, devoted to culture and art, which would join that of sport, created in 1932. The GUF tried to recover the feluca, a hat symbol of Goliardia, a traditional association of Italian students, at the origin of the Corda Fratres, an international student association particularly present in Italy.