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Lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO, Li7La3Zr2O12) or lithium lanthanum zirconate is a lithium-stuffed garnet material that is under investigation for its use in solid-state electrolytes in lithium-based battery technologies. LLZO has a high ionic conductivity and thermal and chemical stability against reactions with prospective electrode materials, mainly lithium metal, giving it an advantage for use as an electrolyte in solid-state batteries. LLZO exhibits favorable characteristics, including the accessibility of starting materials, cost-effectiveness, and straightforward preparation and densification processes. These attributes position this zirconium-containing lithium garnet as a promising solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium-ion rechargeable batteries.
Lithium aluminium germanium phosphate, typically known with the acronyms LAGP or LAGPO, is an inorganic ceramic solid material whose general formula is Li
1+xAl
xGe
2-x(PO
4)
3. LAGP belongs to the NASICON family of solid conductors and has been applied as a solid electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Typical values of ionic conductivity in LAGP at room temperature are in the range of 10–5 - 10–4 S/cm, even if the actual value of conductivity is strongly affected by stoichiometry, microstructure, and synthesis conditions. Compared to lithium aluminium titanium phosphate (LATP), which is another phosphate-based lithium solid conductor, the absence of titanium in LAGP improves its stability towards lithium metal. In addition, phosphate-based solid electrolytes have superior stability against moisture and oxygen compared to sulfide-based electrolytes like Li
10GeP
2S
12 (LGPS) and can be handled safely in air, thus simplifying the manufacture process. Since the best performances are encountered when the stoichiometric value of x is 0.5, the acronym LAGP usually indicates the particular composition of Li
1.5Al
0.5Ge
1.5(PO
4)
3, which is also the typically used material in battery applications.
References
- ↑ Despotuli, Andreeva and Rambaby (June 7, 2006). "Nanoionics of advanced superionic conductors". Ionics. 11 (3–4): 306–314. doi:10.1007/BF02430394. S2CID 53352333.
- ↑ Geller, S. (1967-07-21). "Crystal Structure of the Solid Electrolyte, RbAg4I5". Science. 157 (3786): 310–312. Bibcode:1967Sci...157..310G. doi:10.1126/science.157.3786.310. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17734228. S2CID 44294829.
- ↑ Geller, S. (1979-01-01). "Crystal structure and conductivity of the solid electrolyte". Physical Review B. 19 (10): 5396–5402. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.19.5396.
- ↑ Hull, S; Keen, D.A; Sivia, D.S; Berastegui, P (2002). "Crystal Structures and Ionic Conductivities of Ternary Derivatives of the Silver and Copper Monohalides". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 165 (2): 363–371. doi:10.1006/jssc.2002.9552.
- ↑ Lichkova, N. V.; Despotuli, A. L.; Zagorodnev, V. N.; Minenkova, N. A.; Shakhlevich, K. V. (1989-01-01). "Ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes in two- and three-component glass forming systems AgX-CsX (X=Cl, Br, I)". Ehlektrokhimiya (in Russian). 25 (12): 1636–1640. ISSN 0424-8570.
- ↑ Studenyak, I. P.; Kranjčec, M.; Bilanchuk, V. V.; Kokhan, O. P; Orliukas, A. F.; Kezionis, A.; Kazakevicius, E.; Salkus, T. (2009-12-01). "Temperature variation of electrical conductivity and absorption edge in Cu7GeSe5I advanced superionic conductor". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 70 (12): 1478–1481. Bibcode:2009JPCS...70.1478S. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2009.09.003.
- ↑ Despotuli, A.L.; Zagorodnev, V.N.; Lichkova, N.V.; Minenkova, N.A. (1989). "New high conductive CsAg4Br1−xI2+x (0.25 < x <1) solid electrolytes". Soviet Physics - Solid State. 31: 242–244.
- ↑ Funke, Klaus; Banhatti, Radha D.; Wilmer, Dirk; Dinnebier, Robert; Fitch, Andrew; Jansen, Martin (2006-03-01). "Low-Temperature Phases of Rubidium Silver Iodide: Crystal Structures and Dynamics of the Mobile Silver Ions". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 110 (9): 3010–3016. doi:10.1021/jp054807v. ISSN 1089-5639. PMID 16509622.
- ↑ Chang, Jen-Hui; Zürn, Anke; von Schnering, Hans Georg (2008-10-01). "Hyperbolic Cation Diffusion Paths in α-RbAg4I5 Type Superionic Conductors". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 634 (12–13): 2156–2160. doi:10.1002/zaac.200800343. ISSN 1521-3749.
- ↑ Akin, Mert; Wang, Yuchen; Qiao, Xiaoyao; Yan, Zhiwei; Zhou, Xiangyang (20 September 2020). "Effect of relative humidity on the reaction kinetics in rubidium silver iodide based all-solid-state battery". Electrochimica Acta. 355: 136779. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136779.
- ↑ Александр Деспотули, Александра Андреева (2007). Высокоёмкие конденсаторы для 0,5 вольтовой наноэлектроники будущего (PDF). Современная Электроника (in Russian) (7): 24–29. Retrieved 2007-11-02.Alexander Despotuli, Alexandra Andreeva (2007). "High-capacity capacitors for 0.5 voltage nanoelectronics of the future" (PDF). Modern Electronics (7): 24–29. Retrieved 2007-11-02.
- ↑ Wang, Yuchen; Akin, Mert; Qiao, Xiaoyao; Yan, Zhiwei; Zhou, Xiangyang (September 2021). "Greatly enhanced energy density of all‐solid‐state rechargeable battery operating in high humidity environments". International Journal of Energy Research. 45 (11): 16794–16805. doi: 10.1002/er.6928 .