Related Research Articles
Rubidium is a chemical element; it has symbol Rb and atomic number 37. It is a very soft, whitish-grey solid in the alkali metal group, similar to potassium and caesium. Rubidium is the first alkali metal in the group to have a density higher than water. On Earth, natural rubidium comprises two isotopes: 72% is a stable isotope 85Rb, and 28% is slightly radioactive 87Rb, with a half-life of 48.8 billion years – more than three times as long as the estimated age of the universe.
Silver iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula AgI. The compound is a bright yellow solid, but samples almost always contain impurities of metallic silver that give a grey colouration. The silver contamination arises because some samples of AgI can be highly photosensitive. This property is exploited in silver-based photography. Silver iodide is also used as an antiseptic and in cloud seeding.
A polaron is a quasiparticle used in condensed matter physics to understand the interactions between electrons and atoms in a solid material. The polaron concept was proposed by Lev Landau in 1933 and Solomon Pekar in 1946 to describe an electron moving in a dielectric crystal where the atoms displace from their equilibrium positions to effectively screen the charge of an electron, known as a phonon cloud. This lowers the electron mobility and increases the electron's effective mass.
A proton conductor is an electrolyte, typically a solid electrolyte, in which H+ are the primary charge carriers.
Chalcogenide glass is a glass containing one or more chalcogens. Polonium is also a chalcogen but is not used because of its strong radioactivity. Chalcogenide materials behave rather differently from oxides, in particular their lower band gaps contribute to very dissimilar optical and electrical properties.
Ionic radius, rion, is the radius of a monatomic ion in an ionic crystal structure. Although neither atoms nor ions have sharp boundaries, they are treated as if they were hard spheres with radii such that the sum of ionic radii of the cation and anion gives the distance between the ions in a crystal lattice. Ionic radii are typically given in units of either picometers (pm) or angstroms (Å), with 1 Å = 100 pm. Typical values range from 31 pm (0.3 Å) to over 200 pm (2 Å).
Sodium iodide (chemical formula NaI) is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine. Under standard conditions, it is a white, water-soluble solid comprising a 1:1 mix of sodium cations (Na+) and iodide anions (I−) in a crystal lattice. It is used mainly as a nutritional supplement and in organic chemistry. It is produced industrially as the salt formed when acidic iodides react with sodium hydroxide. It is a chaotropic salt.
Nanoionics is the study and application of phenomena, properties, effects, methods and mechanisms of processes connected with fast ion transport (FIT) in all-solid-state nanoscale systems. The topics of interest include fundamental properties of oxide ceramics at nanometer length scales, and fast-ion conductor /electronic conductor heterostructures. Potential applications are in electrochemical devices for conversion and storage of energy, charge and information. The term and conception of nanoionics were first introduced by A.L. Despotuli and V.I. Nikolaichik in January 1992.
Beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) is a fast-ion conductor material used as a membrane in several types of molten salt electrochemical cell. Currently there is no known substitute available. β-Alumina exhibits an unusual layered crystal structure which enables very fast-ion transport. β-Alumina is not an isomorphic form of aluminium oxide (Al2O3), but a sodium polyaluminate. It is a hard polycrystalline ceramic, which, when prepared as an electrolyte, is complexed with a mobile ion, such as Na+, K+, Li+, Ag+, H+, Pb2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+ depending on the application. β-Alumina is a good conductor of its mobile ion yet allows no non-ionic (i.e., electronic) conductivity. The crystal structure of the β-alumina provides an essential rigid framework with channels along which the ionic species of the solid can migrate. Ion transport involves hopping from site to site along these channels. Since the 1970s this technology has been thoroughly developed, resulting in interesting applications. Its special characteristics on ion and electrical conductivity make this material extremely interesting in the field of energy storage.
Thallium(I) iodide is a chemical compound with the formula . It is unusual in being one of the few water-insoluble metal iodides, along with , , , , and .
In materials science, fast ion conductors are solid conductors with highly mobile ions. These materials are important in the area of solid state ionics, and are also known as solid electrolytes and superionic conductors. These materials are useful in batteries and various sensors. Fast ion conductors are used primarily in solid oxide fuel cells. As solid electrolytes they allow the movement of ions without the need for a liquid or soft membrane separating the electrodes. The phenomenon relies on the hopping of ions through an otherwise rigid crystal structure.
Ionic conductivity is a measure of a substance's tendency towards ionic conduction. Ionic conduction is the movement of ions. The phenomenon is observed in solids and solutions. Ionic conduction is one mechanism of current.
An advanced superionic conductor (AdSIC) in materials science, is a fast-ion conductor that has a crystal structure close to optimal for fast-ion transport (FIT).
Solid-state ionics is the study of ionic-electronic mixed conductor and fully ionic conductors and their uses. Some materials that fall into this category include inorganic crystalline and polycrystalline solids, ceramics, glasses, polymers, and composites. Solid-state ionic devices, such as solid oxide fuel cells, can be much more reliable and long-lasting, especially under harsh conditions, than comparable devices with fluid electrolytes.
LISICON is an acronym for LIthiumSuper Ionic CONductor, which refers to a family of solids with the chemical formula Li2+2xZn1−xGeO4.
Antiperovskites is a type of crystal structure similar to the perovskite structure that is common in nature. The key difference is that the positions of the cation and anion constituents are reversed in the unit cell structure. In contrast to perovskite, antiperovskite compounds consist of two types of anions coordinated with one type of cation. Antiperovskite compounds are an important class of materials because they exhibit interesting and useful physical properties not found in perovskite materials, including as electrolytes in solid-state batteries.
Caesium bisulfate or cesium hydrogen sulfate is an inorganic compound with the formula CsHSO4. The caesium salt of bisulfate, it is a colorless solid obtained by combining Cs2SO4 and H2SO4.
The telluride iodides are chemical compounds that contain both telluride ions (Te2−) and iodide ions (I−). They are in the class of mixed anion compounds or chalcogenide halides.
A solid-state electrolyte (SSE) is a solid ionic conductor and electron-insulating material and it is the characteristic component of the solid-state battery. It is useful for applications in electrical energy storage (EES) in substitution of the liquid electrolytes found in particular in lithium-ion battery. The main advantages are the absolute safety, no issues of leakages of toxic organic solvents, low flammability, non-volatility, mechanical and thermal stability, easy processability, low self-discharge, higher achievable power density and cyclability. This makes possible, for example, the use of a lithium metal anode in a practical device, without the intrinsic limitations of a liquid electrolyte thanks to the property of lithium dendrite suppression in the presence of a solid-state electrolyte membrane. The use of a high capacity anode and low reduction potential, like lithium with a specific capacity of 3860 mAh g−1 and a reduction potential of -3.04 V vs SHE, in substitution of the traditional low capacity graphite, which exhibits a theoretical capacity of 372 mAh g−1 in its fully lithiated state of LiC6, is the first step in the realization of a lighter, thinner and cheaper rechargeable battery. Moreover, this allows the reach of gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, high enough to achieve 500 miles per single charge in an electric vehicle. Despite the promising advantages, there are still many limitations that are hindering the transition of SSEs from academia research to large-scale production, depending mainly on the poor ionic conductivity compared to that of liquid counterparts. However, many car OEMs (Toyota, BMW, Honda, Hyundai) expect to integrate these systems into viable devices and to commercialize solid-state battery-based electric vehicles by 2025.
Lithium aluminium germanium phosphate, typically known with the acronyms LAGP or LAGPO, is an inorganic ceramic solid material whose general formula is Li
1+xAl
xGe
2-x(PO
4)
3. LAGP belongs to the NASICON family of solid conductors and has been applied as a solid electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Typical values of ionic conductivity in LAGP at room temperature are in the range of 10–5 - 10–4 S/cm, even if the actual value of conductivity is strongly affected by stoichiometry, microstructure, and synthesis conditions. Compared to lithium aluminium titanium phosphate (LATP), which is another phosphate-based lithium solid conductor, the absence of titanium in LAGP improves its stability towards lithium metal. In addition, phosphate-based solid electrolytes have superior stability against moisture and oxygen compared to sulfide-based electrolytes like Li
10GeP
2S
12 (LGPS) and can be handled safely in air, thus simplifying the manufacture process. Since the best performances are encountered when the stoichiometric value of x is 0.5, the acronym LAGP usually indicates the particular composition of Li
1.5Al
0.5Ge
1.5(PO
4)
3, which is also the typically used material in battery applications.
References
- 1 2 Smart, Lesley & Elaine A. Moore (2005). Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction. CRC Press. p. 192. ISBN 0-7487-7516-1.
- ↑ Popov, A. S.; Kostandinov, I. Z.; Mateev, M. D.; Alexandrov, A. P.; Regel, Liia L.; Kostandinov; Mateev; Alexandrov; Regel (1990). "Phase analysis of RbAg4I5 crystals grown in microgravity". Microgravity Science and Technology. 3: 41–43. Bibcode:1990MicST...3...41P.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Peng H.; Machida N. Shigematsu T. (2002). "Mechano-chemical Synthesis of RbAg4I5 and KAg4I5 Crystals and Their Silver Ion Conducting Properties". Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy. 49 (2): 69–74. doi: 10.2497/jjspm.49.69 .
- ↑ Geller, S. (1967). "Crystal Structure of the Solid Electrolyte, RbAg4I5". Science. 157 (3786): 310–312. Bibcode:1967Sci...157..310G. doi:10.1126/science.157.3786.310. PMID 17734228. S2CID 44294829.
- ↑ Akin, Mert; Wang, Yuchen; Qiao, Xiaoyao; Yan, Zhiwei; Zhou, Xiangyang (20 September 2020). "Effect of relative humidity on the reaction kinetics in rubidium silver iodide based all-solid-state battery". Electrochimica Acta. 355: 136779. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136779. S2CID 225553692.
- ↑ Geller S.; Akridge J.R.; Wilber S.A. (1979). "Crystal structure and conductivity of the solid electrolyte α-RbCu4Cl3I2". Phys. Rev. B. 19 (10): 5396–5402. Bibcode:1979PhRvB..19.5396G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.19.5396.
- ↑ Hull S. Keen D.A.; Sivia D.S.; Berastegui P. (2002). "Crystal Structures and Ionic Conductivities of Ternary Derivatives of the Silver and Copper Monohalides – I. Superionic Phases of Stoichiometry MAg4I5: RbAg4I5, KAg4I5, and KCu4I5". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 165 (2): 363–371. Bibcode:2002JSSCh.165..363H. doi:10.1006/jssc.2002.9552.
- ↑ Despotuli A.L.; Zagorodnev V.N.; Lichkova N.V.; Minenkova N.A. (1989). "New high conductive CsAg4Br1−xI2+x (0.25 < x < 1) solid electrolytes". Sov. Phys. Solid State. 31: 242–244.
- ↑ Lichkova N.V.; Despotuli A.L.; Zagorodnev V.N.; Minenkova N.A.; Shahlevich K.V. (1989). "Ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes in the two- and three-components AgX–CsX (X = Cl, Br, I) glass-forming systems". Sov. Electrochem. 25: 1636–1640.