Silver thiocyanate

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Silver thiocyanate
AgSCN-skel.svg
AgSCN-bas.png
Names
IUPAC name
Silver(I) thiocyanate, Silver thiocyanate
Other names
Thiocyanic acid, silver (1+) thiocyanate; Silver isothiocyanate; Silver sulphocyanide [1]
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.015.395 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 216-934-9
PubChem CID
UNII
UN number 3077
  • InChI=1S/CHNS.Ag/c2-1-3;/h3H;/q;+1/p-1 Yes check.svgY[ inchi ]
    Key: RHUVFRWZKMEWNS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Yes check.svgY[ inchi ]
  • C(#N)[S-].[Ag+]
Properties
AgSCN
AppearanceColorless crystals
Odor Odorless
Melting point 170 °C (338 °F; 443 K)
decomposes [2]
0.14 mg/L (19.96 °C)
0.25 mg/L (21 °C)
6.68 mg/L (100 °C) [1]
1.03·10−12 [3]
Solubility Insoluble in acids (reacts) [4] except when concentrated, acetates, aq. nitrates [1]
Solubility in silver nitrate 43.2 mg/L (25.2 °C, 3 nAgNO3/H2O) [1]
Solubility in sulfur dioxide 14 mg/kg (0 °C) [2]
Solubility in methanol 0.0022 mg/kg [2]
−6.18·10−5 cm3/mol [3]
Structure
Monoclinic, mS32 (293 K) [5]
C2/c, No. 15 (293 K) [5]
2/m (293 K) [5]
a = 8.792(5) Å, b = 7.998(5) Å, c = 8.207(5) Å (293 K) [5]
α = 90°, β = 93.75(1)°, γ = 90°
8
Thermochemistry
63 J/mol·K [2]
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298)
131 J/mol·K [2]
88 kJ/mol [2]
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg [4]
Warning
H302, H312, H332, H410 [4]
P273, P280, P501 [4]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
0
0
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Silver thiocyanate is the silver salt of thiocyanic acid with the formula AgSCN. Silver thiocyanate appears as a white crystalline powder. It is very commonly used in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Additionally, studies have found silver nanoparticles to be present in saliva present during the entire digestive process of silver nitrate. Silver thiocyanate is slightly soluble in water, with a solubility of 1.68 x 10−4 g/L. [6] It is insoluble in ethanol, acetone, and acid. [7]

Contents

Structure

AgSCN is monoclinic with 8 molecules per unit cell. Each SCN− group has an almost linear molecular geometry, with bond angle 179.6(5)°. Weak Ag—Ag interactions of length 0.3249(2) nm to 0.3338(2) nm are present in the structure. [5]

Production

Solution Reaction

Silver thiocyanate has been commonly produced by the reaction between silver nitrate and potassium thiocyanate. [8]

Ion-Exchange Route

Silver thiocyanate may be formed via an ion exchange reaction. In this double displacement reaction, silver nitrate and ammonium thiocyanate are dissolved in distilled water to produce silver thiocyanate and ammonium nitrate. [9]

Additionally, silver thiocyanate can be formed through the double displacement reaction between ammonium thiocyanate and silver chloride to form a precipitate of silver thiocyanate.

Uses

The most common use of silver thiocyanate is as a silver nanoparticle. Silver thiocyanate nanoparticles have been found in saliva throughout the entire artificial digestion of silver nitrate. [10] The nanoparticles can also be used as good ion conductors. [11]

Silver thiocyanate has also been used to absorb uv-visible light at values less than 500 nm. At longer wavelengths, silver thiocyanate has been found to have good photocatalytic properties. [12]

Characterization [13]

Upon production, silver thiocyanate can be characterized through a wide range of techniques: x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman Spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

Safety [14]

Silver thiocyanate is an irritant to the skin and eyes and is additionally acutely toxic when inhaled dermally or orally. It is sensitive when exposed to the skin as well as toxic to specific organs when singley exposed. Silver thiocyanate is both acutely and chronically hazardous to the aquatic environment.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silver nitrate</span> Chemical compound

Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula AgNO
3. It is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography. It is far less sensitive to light than the halides. It was once called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by ancient alchemists who associated silver with the moon. In solid silver nitrate, the silver ions are three-coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Precipitation (chemistry)</span> Chemical process leading to the settling of an insoluble solid from a solution

In an aqueous solution, precipitation is the process of transforming a dissolved substance into an insoluble solid from a supersaturated solution. The solid formed is called the precipitate. In case of an inorganic chemical reaction leading to precipitation, the chemical reagent causing the solid to form is called the precipitant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dinitrogen pentoxide</span> Chemical compound

Dinitrogen pentoxide is the chemical compound with the formula N2O5. It is one of the binary nitrogen oxides, a family of compounds that only contain nitrogen and oxygen. It exists as colourless crystals that sublime slightly above room temperature, yielding a colorless gas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceric ammonium nitrate</span> Chemical compound

Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6]. This orange-red, water-soluble cerium salt is a specialised oxidizing agent in organic synthesis and a standard oxidant in quantitative analysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silver chloride</span> Chemical compound with the formula AgCl

Silver chloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgCl. This white crystalline solid is well known for its low solubility in water and its sensitivity to light. Upon illumination or heating, silver chloride converts to silver, which is signaled by grey to black or purplish coloration in some samples. AgCl occurs naturally as a mineral chlorargyrite.

Pseudohalogens are polyatomic analogues of halogens, whose chemistry, resembling that of the true halogens, allows them to substitute for halogens in several classes of chemical compounds. Pseudohalogens occur in pseudohalogen molecules, inorganic molecules of the general forms Ps–Ps or Ps–X, such as cyanogen; pseudohalide anions, such as cyanide ion; inorganic acids, such as hydrogen cyanide; as ligands in coordination complexes, such as ferricyanide; and as functional groups in organic molecules, such as the nitrile group. Well-known pseudohalogen functional groups include cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate, and azide.

The sodium fusion test, or Lassaigne's test, is used in elemental analysis for the qualitative determination of the presence of foreign elements, namely halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur, in an organic compound. It was developed by J. L. Lassaigne.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guanidine nitrate</span> Chemical compound

Guanidine nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula [C(NH2)3]NO3. It is a colorless, water-soluble salt. It is produced on a large scale and finds use as precursor for nitroguanidine, fuel in pyrotechnics and gas generators. Its correct name is guanidinium nitrate, but the colloquial term guanidine nitrate is widely used.

A solubility chart is a chart describing whether the ionic compounds formed from different combinations of cations and anions dissolve in or precipitate from solution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silver chromate</span> Chemical compound

Silver chromate is an inorganic compound with formula Ag2CrO4 which appears as distinctively coloured brown-red crystals. The compound is insoluble and its precipitation is indicative of the reaction between soluble chromate and silver precursor salts (commonly potassium/sodium chromate with silver nitrate). This reaction is important for two uses in the laboratory: in analytical chemistry it constitutes the basis for the Mohr method of argentometry, whereas in neuroscience it is used in the Golgi method of staining neurons for microscopy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mercury(II) thiocyanate</span> Chemical compound

Mercury(II) thiocyanate (Hg(SCN)2) is an inorganic chemical compound, the coordination complex of Hg2+ and the thiocyanate anion. It is a white powder. It will produce a large, winding "snake" when ignited, an effect known as the Pharaoh's serpent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Potassium thiocyanate</span> Chemical compound

Potassium thiocyanate is the chemical compound with the molecular formula KSCN. It is an important salt of the thiocyanate anion, one of the pseudohalides. The compound has a low melting point relative to most other inorganic salts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium thiocyanate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium thiocyanate (sometimes called sodium sulphocyanide) is the chemical compound with the formula NaSCN. This colorless deliquescent salt is one of the main sources of the thiocyanate anion. As such, it is used as a precursor for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other specialty chemicals. Thiocyanate salts are typically prepared by the reaction of cyanide with elemental sulfur:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lead(II) thiocyanate</span> Chemical compound

Lead(II) thiocyanate is a compound, more precisely a salt, with the formula Pb(SCN)2. It is a white crystalline solid, but will turn yellow upon exposure to light. It is slightly soluble in water and can be converted to a basic salt (Pb(CNS)2·Pb(OH)2 when boiled. Salt crystals may form upon cooling. Lead thiocyanate can cause lead poisoning if ingested and can adversely react with many substances. It has use in small explosives, matches, and dyeing.

In analytical chemistry, argentometry is a type of titration involving the silver(I) ion. Typically, it is used to determine the amount of chloride present in a sample. The sample solution is titrated against a solution of silver nitrate of known concentration. Chloride ions react with silver(I) ions to give the insoluble silver chloride:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silver nanoparticle</span> Ultrafine particles of silver between 1 nm and 100 nm in size

Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size. While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms. Numerous shapes of nanoparticles can be constructed depending on the application at hand. Commonly used silver nanoparticles are spherical, but diamond, octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.

The sulfate nitrates are a family of double salts that contain both sulfate and nitrate ions (NO3−, SO42−). They are in the class of mixed anion compounds. A few rare minerals are in this class. Two sulfate nitrates are in the class of anthropogenic compounds, accidentally made as a result of human activities in fertilizers that are a mix of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, and also in the atmosphere as polluting ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide react with the oxygen and water there to form solid particles. The nitro group (NO3−) can act as a ligand, and complexes containing it can form salts with sulfate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chuanyi Wang</span> Environmental chemistry scientist

Chuanyi Wang is a Chinese American, environmental chemistry scientist, academic, and an author. He is a Distinguished Professor and Academic Dean at the School of Environmental Science and Engineering at the Shaanxi University of Science & Technology. He is recognized for his research in environmental photocatalysis, environmental materials, surface/interface chemistry, nanomaterials, and pollution controlling.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Comey, Arthur Messinger; Hahn, Dorothy A. (February 1921). A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities: Inorganic (2nd ed.). New York: The MacMillan Company. p. 884.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. "silver thiocyanate". chemister.ru. Retrieved 2014-07-19.
  3. 1 2 Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN   978-1-4200-9084-0.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Sigma-Aldrich Co., Silver thiocyanate. Retrieved on 2014-07-19.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Zhu, H.-L.; Liu, G.-F.; Meng, F.-J. (2003). "Refinement of the crystal structure of silver(I) thiocyanate, AgSCN". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – New Crystal Structures. München: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH. 218 (JG): 263–264. doi: 10.1524/ncrs.2003.218.jg.285 . ISSN   2197-4578.
  6. ↑ Kästner, Claudia; Lampen, Alfonso; Thünemann, Andreas F. (2018-02-22). "What happens to the silver ions? – Silver thiocyanate nanoparticle formation in an artificial digestion". Nanoscale. 10 (8): 3650–3653. doi: 10.1039/C7NR08851E . ISSN   2040-3372. PMID   29431819.
  7. ↑ "SILVER THIOCYANATE | 1701-93-5". ChemicalBook. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  8. ↑ "ScienceDirect.com | Science, health and medical journals, full text articles and books". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  9. ↑ Zhang, Shuna; Zhang, Shujuan; Song, Limin; Wu, Xiaoqing; Fang, Sheng (2014-05-01). "Synthesis and photocatalytic property of a new silver thiocyanate semiconductor". Chemical Engineering Journal. 243: 24–30. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2014.01.015. ISSN   1385-8947.
  10. ↑ Kästner, Claudia; Lampen, Alfonso; Thünemann, Andreas F. (2018). "What happens to the silver ions? – Silver thiocyanate nanoparticle formation in an artificial digestion". Nanoscale. 10 (8): 3650–3653. doi: 10.1039/C7NR08851E . ISSN   2040-3364. PMID   29431819.
  11. ↑ Yang, Ming; Ma, Jing (2009-09-15). "Synthesis and characterizations of AgSCN nanospheres using AgCl as the precursor". Applied Surface Science. 255 (23): 9323–9326. Bibcode:2009ApSS..255.9323Y. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.07.028. ISSN   0169-4332.
  12. ↑ Zhang, Shuna; Zhang, Shujuan; Song, Limin; Wu, Xiaoqing; Fang, Sheng (2014-05-01). "Synthesis and photocatalytic property of a new silver thiocyanate semiconductor". Chemical Engineering Journal. 243: 24–30. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2014.01.015. ISSN   1385-8947.
  13. ↑ "ScienceDirect.com | Science, health and medical journals, full text articles and books". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  14. ↑ "SILVER THIOCYANATE | 1701-93-5". ChemicalBook. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
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