Aircraft upset

Last updated March 25, 2024

Aircraft upset is an unacceptable condition, in aircraft operations, in which the aircraft flight attitude or airspeed is outside the normally intended limits. This may result in the loss of control (LOC) of the aircraft, and sometimes the total loss of the aircraft itself.^[1] Loss of control may be due to excessive altitude for the airplane's weight, turbulent weather, pilot disorientation, or a system failure.^[2]^[3]

Overview

Loss of control as a factor in aviation accidents came into the spotlight with the 1994 crash of USAir Flight 427, which killed all 127 passengers and 5 crew members on board. In their report on the crash, the U.S. NTSB stated that prior to the crash they "had issued a series of safety recommendations over a 24-year period, asking the FAA to require air carriers to train pilots in recoveries from unusual flight attitudes. Throughout this period, the Safety Board was generally not satisfied with the FAA's responses to these recommendations; specifically, the Board disagreed with the FAA's responses that cited the inadequacy of flight simulators as a reason for not providing pilots with the requested training. However, after the USAir Flight 427 accident and the October 31, 1994, ATR-72 accident involving American Eagle Flight 4184 near Roselawn, Indiana, the FAA issued guidance to air carriers, acknowledging the value of flight simulator training in unusual attitude recoveries and encouraging air carriers to voluntarily provide this training to their pilots."^[5]

Some carriers did implement their own voluntary training programs, following those accidents, and the NTSB regarded those programs as "excellent".^[5]

In October 1996, the NTSB issued a formal Safety Recommendation (A-96-120), which requested the FAA to require all airlines to provide simulator training for flight crews, which would enable them to recognize and recover from "unusual attitudes and upset maneuvers, including upsets that occur while the aircraft is being controlled by automatic flight control systems, and unusual attitudes that result from flight control malfunctions and uncommanded flight control surface movements".^[1]^[5]

In 2004, the U.S. FAA issued its first Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid.^[6] The second revision of that document was released in 2008 and is available at the FAA's website.^[7]

New FAA rules are expected to be finalized in 2010, requiring specific training for pilots to recover from aircraft upset incidents.^[1] New training programs may be known under the term advanced maneuver – upset recovery training (AM-URT).^[1]

In 2009, the Royal Aeronautical Society formed a new group of experts, who will form documentation to allow better simulations of aircraft upset conditions, and thus better training programs.^[8] Upset Prevention and Recovery Training (UPRT) provider, Aviation Performance Solutions, joined the Royal Aeronautical Society team in 2009 to help develop global solutions for overcoming Loss of Control In-Flight (LOC-I), the possible resulting flight condition following an airplane upset.^[9]

Detailed definition

From: The FAA's Pilot Guide to Airplane Upset Recovery.^[3]^[7]

An airplane upset is defined as an airplane in flight unintentionally exceeding the parameters normally experienced in line operations or training. In other words, the airplane is not behaving normally or as intended; accordingly it will be approaching unsafe parameters.

Exact definition varies between documents and training programs. The Royal Aeronautics Society states: "An upset is not necessarily a departure from controlled flight (i.e. a stall/spin) but it also includes abnormal attitudes and gross over/under-speed conditions."^[10]

Calspan, which has been involved with upset research and training since teaming with NASA in 1997, holds that the generally accepted industry guidelines are incomplete in that they only take into consideration aircraft attitude and airspeed. Jet Upset is defined by Calspan as

an airplane unintentionally exceeding the parameters normally experienced in line operations or
a control failure or disturbance that alters the normal response of the airplane to pilot input such that the pilot must adopt an alternate control strategy to regain and sustain controlled flight.

Normal flight parameters are defined as:

Pitch attitude between 25° nose-up and 10° nose-down.
Bank angle less than 45°.
Airspeed versus maneuver loading within the normal flight envelope.

This expanded definition is intended to more fully capture the maneuvers, events, conditions, and circumstances that the record has shown lead to LOC.^[11]

Jet upset

The phrase jet upset refers to accidents and incidents (some crashed and some recovered, usually with significant damage to the structure), where a jet airliner was "upset" and ended up in a high-speed dive. That phenomenon was almost unknown in the days of piston-driven propeller airliners, which is why those accidents were referenced as "jet" upsets: because it was a repeated phenomenon that was unique to jet airliners, with swept-back wings, jet engines and movable horizontal stabilizers, none of which were found on the piston/propeller airliners. With the phasing out of piston-driven propeller airliners, that phrase has gradually given way to "loss of control-inflight", which includes, but is not limited to, the upset/high-speed dive type of accidents. The term jet upset was most heavily used in the 1960s and 1970s as the phenomenon was not well understood and was still being researched.^[12] Contemporary authors tend to group the phenomenon under loss of control.^[13]

There have been a variety of causes and contributing factors, in past jet upset accidents:

February 1959: Pan Am Flight 115, a Pan American World Airways Boeing 707, upset and went into a high-speed dive while cruising over the Atlantic at flight level 350. Control was not recovered until reaching 6,000 ft. After landing safely at Gander, extensive structural damage was found, but there were only a few minor injuries. The Captain was in the cabin when the autopilot disconnected without adequate warning to the First Officer, who was distracted with a "howgozit" report form. It wasn't until the first officer felt the stall buffet that he realized they were descending rapidly and about to turn upside down. He was unable to level the wings. Fortunately, the Captain was able to return to the cockpit and strap into his seat while enduring significant G-forces. He took over the controls, leveled the wings and pulled out of the dive.^[14]
February 1963: Northwest Airlines Flight 705 – A Northwest Airlines Boeing 720B was hit with a powerful updraft (it suddenly began climbing at 9,000 ft. per minute) while climbing through 17,000 ft as it tried to fly between thunderstorms shortly after takeoff. The nose pitched up so high that the pilot reacted by using full nose-down trim on the horizontal stabilizer (HS), while simultaneously pushing the elevators to the full down position. Then, an equally powerful down draft hit the plane and it went straight down in a matter of seconds. The pilot then pulled back on the yoke, moving the elevators to the full up position. This imposed high G-load on the plane, resulting in binding of the horizontal stabilizer jackscrew, such that it remained in a full trimmed down position. The plane came apart in the air, before hitting the ground.^[15]
July 1963: United Airlines Flight 746 Boeing 720-022 (C/N 18045, Registration N7213U), while climbing through FL 370 near O'Neill, Nebraska, was upset and resulted in a high-speed dive until recovery at 14,000 ft. The plane encountered severe turbulence, downdrafts and updrafts, which caused the plane to stall. The plane was approaching the coffin corner of its flight envelope, when the turbulence was encountered. After that near disaster, the stall mach buffet margins were widened on all jet aircraft, to preclude a plane getting into that situation again, where severe turbulence narrows the "coffin corner" margins so severely that the pilots do not have time to avoid a high altitude stall.^[16]
November 1963: Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831 – All 118 on board a Trans-Canada Airlines DC-8-54F were killed, when the plane crashed 5 minutes after takeoff near Montreal, leaving a crater in the ground. Impact speed was over 500 mph. Investigators found the pitch trim compensator actuator was in the extended position and the horizontal stabilizer trim setting was at 1.65 to 2 degrees nosedown (both were improper positions, for that stage of flight). "The probable cause of this accident could not be determined with certainty. Certain possible causes which were put forward could not be ruled out: 1) Icing of the Pitot system; 2) Failure of the vertical gyro; 3) An unprogrammed and unnoticed extension of the pitch trim compensator."^[17]
February 1964: Eastern Air Lines Flight 304 – An Eastern Airlines DC-8 crashed into Lake Pontchartrain about 5 minutes after taking off from the New Orleans Moisant Airport. All 58 on board perished. The water was only 20 ft. deep, yet only 60% of the wreckage was recovered, because the breakup was so extensive. The flight data recorder tape was too damaged to help the analysis. Instead, they used the maintenance records of that plane, and of other DC-8s, to conclude that the pilots had trimmed the stabilizer to the full nose-down position, to counter the excessive nose-up attitude that, in turn, was caused by a malfunctioning pitch trim compensator that had extended too far. Once the upset occurred, it was not possible to trim the HS back to the nose-up position, because of the severe G-forces generated by their pulling back on the yoke after the upset.^{[ citation needed ]}
February 1985: China Airlines Flight 006: The number 4 engine flamed out on a China Airlines Boeing 747SP, while cruising at FL 410 over the Pacific Ocean. The captain ordered an attempt to restart the engine, while remaining at flight level 410 and with the autopilot controlling the plane. He failed to use left rudder to counteract the asymmetrical thrust, and the plane rolled rapidly to the right and entered a high dive attitude. He was unable to recover from the dive until below 11,000 ft. when they emerged from the clouds. The plane exceeded the maximum operating airspeed (Vmo) twice, during the dive. After recovery, the plane landed safely at San Francisco. It suffered major structural damage and 2 occupants received serious injuries.^[18]

Related accidents

3 March 1974 Turkish Airlines Flight 981 (cargo door failure, caused severing of essential flight control cables).
4 April 1979 TWA Flight 841 (1979) (Improper manipulation of flaps/slats by pilots; the plane high dived from 39,000 ft. to 5,000 ft, in 63 seconds. Landed safely.)
12 August 1985 Japan Airlines Flight 123 (Improper repair caused bulkhead explosion, which severed all hydraulic flight control lines)
19 July 1989 United Airlines Flight 232 (Catastrophic engine failure caused loss of all 3 hydraulic flight control lines)
30 June 1994 1994 Airbus Industrie Flight 129 (Control was lost after the pilot shut down one engine, close to the ground, during a certification test flight)
8 September 1994 USAir Flight 427 (Control lost when the rudder PCU malfunctioned, causing the rudder to move in the opposite direction, commanded by the pilot)
7 April 1994 Federal Express Flight 705 (During an attempted hijacking by employee Auburn Calloway, the crew of the DC-10-30F carried out numerous aerobatic techniques to disorient the attacker, pushing the aircraft to its limits.
31 October 1994 American Eagle Flight 4184 While in a holding pattern, extensive ice accumulation produced a sudden reversal of the aileron controls, causing the plane to upset and dive into the ground.
11 December 1994 Philippine Airlines Flight 434 (Terrorist Bombing leading to loss of flight control, landed safely)
12 November 2001 American Airlines Flight 587
22 November 2003 DHL Baghdad incident
6 March 2005 Air Transat Flight 961
1 January 2007 Adam Air Flight 574
7 October 2008 Qantas Flight 72
12 February 2009 Colgan Air Flight 3407 (stall during landing approach, killing all on board)
1 June 2009 Air France Flight 447 (Entered high altitude stall, impacted ocean)
28 December 2014 Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501
9 January 2021 Sriwijaya Air Flight 182 (Autothrottle failure leading to pilot error and subsequent upset, impacted ocean)
10 March 2024 LATAM Airlines Flight 800

Related Research Articles

A stick shaker is a mechanical device designed to rapidly and noisily vibrate the control yoke of an aircraft, warning the flight crew that an imminent aerodynamic stall has been detected. It is typically present on the majority of large civil jet aircraft, as well as most large military planes.

Alaska Airlines Flight 261 was an Alaska Airlines flight of a McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series aircraft that crashed into the Pacific Ocean on January 31, 2000, roughly 2.7 miles north of Anacapa Island, California, following a catastrophic loss of pitch control, killing all 88 on board: two pilots, three flight attendants, and 83 passengers. The flight was a scheduled international passenger flight from Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico, to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport near Seattle, Washington, United States, with an intermediate stop at San Francisco International Airport near San Francisco, California.

SilkAir Flight 185 was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by a Boeing 737-300 from Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, Indonesia to Changi Airport in Singapore that crashed into the Musi River near Palembang, Sumatra, on 19 December 1997, killing all 97 passengers and seven crew on board.

United Airlines Flight 585 was a scheduled passenger flight on March 3, 1991, from Denver to Colorado Springs, Colorado, carrying 20 passengers and 5 crew members on board. The plane experienced a rudder hardover while on final approach to runway 35 at Colorado Springs Municipal Airport, causing the plane to roll over and enter an uncontrolled dive. All 25 people on board were killed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">USAir Flight 405</span> 1992 plane crash in New York City

USAir Flight 405 was a regularly scheduled domestic passenger flight between LaGuardia Airport in Queens, New York City, New York, and Cleveland, Ohio. On March 22, 1992, a USAir Fokker F28, registration N485US, flying the route, crashed in poor weather in a partially inverted position in Flushing Bay, shortly after liftoff from LaGuardia. The undercarriage lifted off from the runway, but the airplane failed to gain lift, flying only several meters above the ground. The aircraft then veered off the runway and hit several obstructions before coming to rest in Flushing Bay, just beyond the end of the runway. Of the 51 people on board, 27 were killed, including the captain and a member of the cabin crew.

China Airlines Flight 006 was a daily non-stop flight from Taipei to Los Angeles International Airport. On February 19, 1985, the Boeing 747SP operating the flight was involved in an aircraft upset accident, following the failure of the No. 4 engine, while cruising at 41,000 ft (12,500 m). The plane rolled over and plunged 30,000 ft (9,100 m), experiencing high speeds and g-forces before the captain was able to recover from the dive, and then to divert to San Francisco International Airport.

USAir Flight 5050 was a passenger flight that crashed on takeoff from LaGuardia Airport in Queens, New York. As the plane took off from LaGuardia's runway 31, the plane drifted to the left. After hearing a loud bang, the pilots attempted to reject the takeoff, but were unable to stop the plane short of the end of the runway. The plane continued past the end of the runway and plunged into Bowery Bay. Two passengers were killed.

A stick pusher is a device installed in some fixed-wing aircraft to prevent the aircraft from entering an aerodynamic stall. Some large fixed-wing aircraft display poor post-stall handling characteristics or are vulnerable to deep stall. To prevent such an aircraft approaching the stall the aircraft designer may install a hydraulic or electro-mechanical device that pushes forward on the elevator control system whenever the aircraft's angle of attack reaches the pre-determined value, and then ceases to push when the angle of attack falls sufficiently. A system for this purpose is known as a stick pusher.

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USAir Flight 427 was a scheduled flight from Chicago's O'Hare International Airport to Palm Beach International Airport, Florida, with a stopover at Pittsburgh International Airport. On Thursday, September 8, 1994, the Boeing 737 flying this route crashed in Hopewell Township, Pennsylvania while approaching Runway 28R at Pittsburgh, which was USAir's largest hub at the time.

Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 6231 was the fatal crash of a Boeing 727 in the eastern United States on December 1, 1974 in Harriman State Park near Stony Point, New York, just north of the New York City area. The Northwest Airlines 727 had been chartered to pick up the Baltimore Colts professional football team in Buffalo in western New York.

In aeronautics, loss of control (LOC) is the unintended departure of an aircraft from controlled flight and is a significant factor in several aviation accidents worldwide. In 2015 it was the leading cause of general aviation accidents. Loss of control may be the result of mechanical failure, external disturbances, aircraft upset conditions, or inappropriate crew actions or responses.

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United Airlines Flight 2885 was a scheduled cargo flight from Cleveland to Los Angeles, with stopover in Detroit. On January 11, 1983, a DC-8 operating as Flight 2885 crashed after take-off from Detroit, killing all three crew members. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation determined that the cause for the crash was pilot error. A radioactive package was found on board, but no radioactive material was spilled.

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References

This article incorporates public domain material from Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration.

1 2 3 4 5 "Getting control of LOC". Flightglobal. January 27, 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
1 2 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-30. Retrieved 2009-01-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
1 2 3 Note: Partial text copied from referenced FAA or NASA document. As a public work of the U.S. Government, the document is in the public domain and has no copyright.
↑ http://www.nastarcenter.com/news/view.php?volume=2&issue=4&article=101%5B%5D
1 2 3 USAir Flight 427 Accident report, pg. 283 Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
↑ "Airplane Upset Recovery / High Altitude Operations". www.faa.gov. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009.
1 2 "U.S. FAA Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid, Revision 2" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-10-28. U.S. FAA Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid, Revision 2, 443 pages, 25.8 MB
↑ Croft, John (2009-11-14). "Upset training group to hold first meeting". Air Transport Intelligence news. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-15. The devices are not currently required to perform accurately in the realm outside of the flight or wind tunnel test points, nor are pilots currently trained to fly in those conditions.
↑ Mark, Rob (June 5, 2018). "APS Creates Critical Issues Addendum to NTSB LOC-I Roundtable". Flying Magazine. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
↑ Aeroplane Upset Recovery Training, History, Core Concepts & Mitigation (PDF). London: Royal Aeronautics Society. 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
↑ Priest, James; Ernisse, Brian; McMahon, Ryan (August 2010). "Comprehensive In-Flight Simulation Based Advanced Maneuver & Upset Recovery Training Study". AIAA Guidance, NAvigation, and Control Conference. doi:10.2514/6.2010-8009. ISBN 978-1-60086-962-4. S2CID 61726759 . Retrieved December 17, 2014.
↑ Books listing for jet upset term ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
↑ Books listing for loss of control term ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
↑ |CAB Aircraft Accident Report|Pan Am B707, Over The Atlantic, between London and Gander, February 3, 1959
↑ |CAB Aircraft Accident Report|NWA B720B, Everglades, near Miami, February 12, 1963
↑ |NASA Turbulence Penetration Study, pgs. 18 & 19|UAL B720, Upset near O'Neal Nebraska, July 12, 1963
↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-8-54F CF-TJN Ste-Thérèse-de-Blainville, QC". Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
↑ NTSB Report China Airlines Flight 006 Archived June 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine

Moynahan, Brian (1978). Airport International. Pan. p. 184.

External links

U.S. FAA Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid, Revision 2, 443 pages, 25.8 MB
Boeing Company Aerodynamic Principles of Large-Airplane Upsets
NASA Airplane Upset Training Evaluation Report, May 2002
APS Europe
John Croft (Jul 10, 2017). "Flight Testing New Upset Recovery Guidance System". Aviation Week & Space Technology.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[control-loc-1] 1 2 3 4 5 "Getting control of LOC". Flightglobal. January 27, 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2015.

[nasa-asp-2] 1 2 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-30. Retrieved 2009-01-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[usg-3] 1 2 3 Note: Partial text copied from referenced FAA or NASA document. As a public work of the U.S. Government, the document is in the public domain and has no copyright.

[4] ttp://www.nastarcenter.com/news/view.php?volume=2&issue=4&article=101%5B%5D

[NTSB_USAir_427_Accident_Report-5] 1 2 3 USAir Flight 427 Accident report, pg. 283 Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine

[faa-training-ppt-6] "Airplane Upset Recovery / High Altitude Operations". www.faa.gov. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009.

[faa-training-7] 1 2 "U.S. FAA Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid, Revision 2" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-10-28. U.S. FAA Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid, Revision 2, 443 pages, 25.8 MB

[8] Croft, John (2009-11-14). "Upset training group to hold first meeting". Air Transport Intelligence news. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-15. The devices are not currently required to perform accurately in the realm outside of the flight or wind tunnel test points, nor are pilots currently trained to fly in those conditions.

[9] Mark, Rob (June 5, 2018). "APS Creates Critical Issues Addendum to NTSB LOC-I Roundtable". Flying Magazine. Retrieved August 16, 2018.

[10] Aeroplane Upset Recovery Training, History, Core Concepts & Mitigation (PDF). London: Royal Aeronautics Society. 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2014.

[11] Priest, James; Ernisse, Brian; McMahon, Ryan (August 2010). "Comprehensive In-Flight Simulation Based Advanced Maneuver & Upset Recovery Training Study". AIAA Guidance, NAvigation, and Control Conference. doi:10.2514/6.2010-8009. ISBN 978-1-60086-962-4. S2CID 61726759 . Retrieved December 17, 2014.

[12] Books listing for jet upset term ^{[ permanent dead link ]}

[13] Books listing for loss of control term ^{[ permanent dead link ]}

[DOT_Library_Aircraft_Accidents_1934-1965_1-14] |CAB Aircraft Accident Report|Pan Am B707, Over The Atlantic, between London and Gander, February 3, 1959

[DOT_Library_Aircraft_Accidents_1934-1965_2-15] |CAB Aircraft Accident Report|NWA B720B, Everglades, near Miami, February 12, 1963

[NASA_Turbulence_Penetration_Study_CR-2677-16] |NASA Turbulence Penetration Study, pgs. 18 & 19|UAL B720, Upset near O'Neal Nebraska, July 12, 1963

[ASN_Accident_data-17] "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-8-54F CF-TJN Ste-Thérèse-de-Blainville, QC". Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-07-08.

[Report-18] NTSB Report China Airlines Flight 006 Archived June 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine

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