Baghdad is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris river. In 762 AD, Baghdad was chosen as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and became its most notable major development project. Within a short time, the city evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center of the Muslim world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multi-ethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning".
Ramadi is a city in central Iraq, about 110 kilometers (68 mi) west of Baghdad and 50 kilometers (31 mi) west of Fallujah. It is the capital and largest city of Al Anbar Governorate which touches on Syria, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. The city extends along the Euphrates which bisects Al Anbar. Founded by the Ottoman Empire in 1879, by 2018 it had about 223,500 residents, near all of whom Sunni Arabs from the Dulaim tribal confederation. It lies in the Sunni Triangle of western Iraq.
Kadhimiya or Kadhimayn is a northern neighbourhood of the city of Baghdad, Iraq. It is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the city's center, on the west bank of the Tigris. 'Kadhimiya' is also the name of one of nine administrative districts in Baghdad. As the place of al-Kadhimiya Mosque, even before its inception into the urban area of Baghdad, it is regarded as a holy city by Twelver Shia muslims.
Ahmed Shefik Midhat Pasha was an Ottoman politician, reformist, and statesman. He was the author of the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire.
The Vilayet of Baghdad was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire in modern-day central Iraq. The capital was Baghdad.
The Basra Vilayet was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. It historically covered an area stretching from Nasiriyah and Amarah in the north to Kuwait in the south. To the south and the west, there was theoretically no border at all, yet no areas beyond Qatar in the south and the Najd Sanjak in the west were later on included in the administrative system.
Saud bin Faisal Al Saud, also known as Imam Saud, (1833—1875) was the ruler of the Second Saudi State in 1871 and 1873–75. He joined alliances with foreign tribes and revolted against his half-brother Abdullah. His rule was short-lived and Abdullah overthrew him. Saud gained power again in 1873 but died two years later. His reign was notable for the infighting in the House of Saud which he initiated.
The Constitution of the Ottoman Empire was the first and only constitution of the Ottoman Empire. Written by members of the Young Ottomans, particularly Midhat Pasha, during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, the constitution was in effect from 1876 to 1878 in a period known as the First Constitutional Era, and from 1908 to 1922 in the Second Constitutional Era. After Abdul Hamid's political downfall in the 31 March Incident, the Constitution was amended to transfer more power from the sultan and the appointed Senate to the popularly-elected lower house: the Chamber of Deputies.
Sir Sassoon Eskell, KBE was an Iraqi statesman, financier and politician. Also known as Sassoon Effendi, he was regarded in Iraq as the Father of Parliament. Eskell was the first Minister of Finance in the Kingdom and a permanent Member of Parliament until his death. Along with Gertrude Bell and T. E. Lawrence, he was instrumental in the creation and the establishment of the Kingdom of Iraq post Ottoman rule, and he founded the nascent Iraqi government's laws and financial structure.
The Mamluk dynasty of Mesopotamia was a dynasty of Georgian Mamluk origin which ruled over Iraq in the 18th and early 19th centuries.
Al-Mutanabbi Street is located in Baghdad, Iraq, near the old quarter of Baghdad; at al-Rasheed Street. The street is the historic center of Baghdad bookselling, a street filled with bookstores and outdoor book stalls. The street was named after the 10th-century classical Iraqi poet al‑Mutanabbi and has been referred to as the heart and soul of the Baghdad literacy, and intellectual community.
Dawūd Pasha (c.1767–1851), who was born in Tbilisi, Georgia, of Georgian Christian origin, his full name was, was the last Mamluk ruler of Iraq, from c. 1816 to 1831.
The sanjak of Najd was a sanjak of the Ottoman Empire. The name is considered misleading, as it covered the al-Hasa region, rather than the much larger Najd region. It was part of Baghdad Vilayet from June 1871 to 1875, when it became part of the Basra Vilayet.
Ma'ruf bin Abd al-Ghani al-Rusafi was a poet, educationist and literary scholar from Iraq. A political skeptic, al-Rusafi is regarded as a humanist, a social justice poet, and one of Iraq's national poets. However, he is considered by many as a controversial figure in modern Iraqi literature due to his advocacy of freedom and opposition to imperialism. Because of this, he is known as the poet of freedom. As well as being known as one of the big three neo-classical poets of Iraq alongside al-Jawahiri, and al-Zahawi.
The Qushla or The Qishleh is an Ottoman site in Baghdad, Iraq. The Qushla lays at Rusafa side of the Iraqi capital. The Ottoman Wali (governor) Mehmed Namık Pasha started the building in 1881. The building was finished after him by the next Wali Midhat Pasha.
The Haydar-Khana Mosque is a historic mosque located near al-Mutanabbi Street in Baghdad, Iraq, built by al-Nasir during the Abbasid Caliphate. The mosque is situated on al-Rasheed Street and is located in the Haydar-Khana locality surrounded by buildings, shrines, and cafés. The mosque is an important historic landmark that reflect the society of Baghdad, intellectual gatherings, and fueling enthusiasm for demonstrations.
Al-Aziziyah is an Iraqi town located in Wasit Province, on the left bank of the Tigris River. Located approximately 80 kilometers northwest of Kut, it is the administrative and political centre of Al-Aziziyah District. As of 2009, it had an estimated population of 44,868 citizens.
The Al-Hasa Expedition was an Ottoman military campaign to annex the El-Hasa region of eastern Arabia. Ostensibly launched to assist Imam Abdullah bin Faisal in reclaiming control over Najd from his brother Saud bin Faisal, the underlying motive was Medhat Pasha's ambition to extend Ottoman dominion over the Persian Gulf.
In the history of Baghdad, the period from 1831 to 1917 began with the fall of the Mamluk state of Iraq in 1831 after the Ottoman Empire occupied the city. It ended with the Fall of Baghdad on 11 March 1917 after the British Empire occupied the city during the First World War. Ali Rıza Pasha was a first Ottoman Governor of Baghdad, and Khalil Pasha was the last.
