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Lithium is a chemical element; it has symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the least dense metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and must be stored in vacuum, inert atmosphere, or inert liquid such as purified kerosene or mineral oil. It exhibits a metallic luster. It corrodes quickly in air to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. It does not occur freely in nature, but occurs mainly as pegmatitic minerals, which were once the main source of lithium. Due to its solubility as an ion, it is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines. Lithium metal is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride.
Mining in Western Australia, together with the petroleum industry in the state, accounted for 94% of the State's and 46% of Australia's income from total merchandise exports in 2019–20. The state of Western Australia hosted 123 predominantly higher-value and export-oriented mining projects and hundreds of smaller quarries and mines. The principal projects produced more than 99 per cent of the industry's total sales value.
Resources are classified as either biotic or abiotic on the basis of their origin. India contains a multitude of both types of resource and its economy, especially in rural areas, is heavily dependent on their consumption or export. Due to overconsumption, they are rapidly being depleted.
Allkem Limited, known as Orocobre Limited until 30 November 2021, is an Argentinian mining company that is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Arcadium Lithium. Headquartered in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Allkem's portfolio includes lithium brine operations in Argentina, a hard-rock lithium operation in Australia and a lithium hydroxide conversion facility in Japan. Allkem is dual listed on the Australian Securities Exchange and Toronto Stock Exchange. In May 2023, Allkem agreed terms to merge with Livent. In January 2024, Allkem and Livent merged to form the NYSE-listed Arcadium Lithium.
Tanco Mine or Bernic Lake mine is an underground caesium and tantalum mine, owned and since 2019 owned and operated by Sinomine Resource Group on the north west shore of Bernic Lake, Manitoba, Canada. The mine has the largest known deposit of pollucite and is also the world's largest producer of caesium.
The Uis tin mine is a large open pit mine located in the western part of Namibia in Erongo Region. Uis represents one of the largest tin reserves in Namibia, having estimated reserves of 60 million tonnes of ore grading 0.13% tin. The mine is owned by the London-based AfriTin Mining Ltd..
The Jadar mining project is a proposed mining site. The deposit is one of the largest lithium deposits in the world and also contains boron. It is planned that both lithium and boron will be recovered from the ore. The deposit contains the mineral jadarite, the only occurrence of this mineral in the world. The mine is located in western Serbia in Mačva District. The Jadar mine has reserves amounting to 118 million tonnes of ore grading 1.8% lithium oxide The deposit was discovered in 2004 and in 2017 the Rio Tinto Group planned to start mining operations in 2023.
The Kings Mountain Mine is one of the largest lithium mines in the United States. The mine is located in eastern United States in North Carolina. In 2013, it was reported that the Kings Mountain mine had reserves amounting to 45.6 million tonnes of lithium ore grading 0.7% lithium thus resulting 0.32 million tonnes of lithium. In 2017 it was reported that the Kings Mountain pegmatite district had 5.9 million metric tons of lithium.
The Bessemer City mine is one of the largest lithium mines in the United States. The mine is located in eastern United States in North Carolina. The Bessemer City mine has reserves amounting to 62.3 million tonnes of lithium ore grading 0.67% lithium thus resulting 0.42 million tonnes of lithium.
The James Bay project is a proposed lithium pegmatite mine in Canada. The project is located in eastern Canada in Quebec. The James Bay mine has reserves amounting to 22,200,000 tonnes (4.89×1010 lb) of lithium ore grading 0.58% lithium thus resulting in 130,000 tonnes (290,000,000 lb) of lithium.
Greenbushes mine is an open-pit lithium mining operation located south of the town of Greenbushes, Western Australia. It is the world's largest hard-rock lithium mine, producing approximately 1.95 million tonnes of lithium spodumene annually. The mine is 250 kilometres south of Perth and 90 kilometres southeast of the port of Bunbury.
The Bikita mine is the largest lithium mine in Zimbabwe. The privately owned company holds the world’s largest-known deposit of lithium at approximately 11 million tonnes. The mine is located in southern Zimbabwe in Masvingo Province. The Bikita mine has reserves amounting to 10.8 million tonnes of lithium ore grading 1.4% lithium thus resulting 0.15 million tonnes of lithium.
The Kamativi mine was one of the largest tin mines in Zimbabwe. The mine is located in western Zimbabwe in Matabeleland North Province. The Kamativi mine has reserves amounting to 100 million tonnes of tin ore grading 0.28% tin thus resulting 0.28 million tonnes of tin. The tin and tantalum mine was operated from 1936 until 1994. Since the mine's closure, local artisanal miners have worked the pegmatite for cassiterite and tantalite.
The Vishnyakovskoe mine is one of the largest lithium mines in Russia. The mine is located in southern Russia in Irkutsk Oblast. The Vishnyakovskoe mine has reserves amounting to 42 million tonnes of lithium ore grading 0.49% lithium thus resulting 0.2 million tonnes of lithium.
The Salar de Olaroz mine is one of the largest lithium mines in Argentina. The mine is located in northern Argentina in Jujuy Province. The Salar de Olaroz mine has reserves amounting to 619 million tonnes of lithium ore grading 0.2% lithium thus resulting 1.21 million tonnes of lithium.
The Salinas Grandes mine is one of the largest lithium mines in Argentina. The mine is located in northern Argentina in Jujuy Province. The Salinas Grandes mine has reserves amounting to 20 million tonnes of lithium ore grading 1.2% lithium thus resulting 293,000 tonnes of lithium.
The Jiajika mine is one of the largest lithium mines in China. The mine is located in Tagong township, Sichuan province, central China.
The Big Whopper mine is a large mine located at Separation Lake, in Ontario, Canada. Big Whopper represents one of the largest tantalum reserves in Canada having estimated reserves of 13.8 million tonnes of ore grading 0.007% tantalum and 1.34% lithium.
The Salar de Uyuni mine is one of the largest lithium mines in Bolivia located in its southern region at Potosí Department. The Salar de Olaroz mine has reserves amounting to 3 billion tonnes of lithium ore grading 0.3% lithium thus resulting 9 million tonnes of lithium.
Australia has one of the biggest lithium reserves and is the biggest producer of lithium by weight, with most of its production coming from mines in Western Australia. Most Australian lithium is produced from hard-rock spodumene, in contrast to other major producers like Argentina, Chile and China, which produce it mainly from salt lakes.
References
- 1 2 3 "Mineral deposits of Northern Asia". docstoc.com. 2012. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
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