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Vicksburg is a historic city in Warren County, Mississippi, United States. It is the county seat. The population was 21,573 at the 2020 census. Located on a high bluff on the east bank of the Mississippi River across from Louisiana, Vicksburg was built by French colonists in 1719. The outpost withstood an attack from the native Natchez people. It was incorporated as Vicksburg in 1825 after Methodist missionary Newitt Vick. The area that is now Vicksburg was long occupied by the Natchez Native Americans as part of their historical territory along the Mississippi. The first Europeans who settled the area were French colonists who built Fort Saint Pierre in 1719 on the high bluffs overlooking the Yazoo River at present-day Redwood. They conducted fur trading with the Natchez and others, and started plantations. During the American Civil War, it was a key Confederate river-port, and its July 1863 surrender to Ulysses S. Grant, along with the concurrent Battle of Gettysburg, marked the turning-point of the war.
More than 1,500 African American officeholders served during the Reconstruction era (1865–1877) and in the years after Reconstruction before white supremacy, disenfranchisement, and the Democratic Party fully reasserted control in Southern states. Historian Canter Brown Jr. noted that in some states, such as Florida, the highest number of African Americans were elected or appointed to offices after the end of Reconstruction in 1877. The following is a partial list of notable African American officeholders from the end of the Civil War until before 1900. Dates listed are the year that a term states or the range of years served if multiple terms.
Hugh French Thomason was an American politician who served as Arkansas state representative from Crawford County from 1887 to 1889 and as Arkansas state senator from 1881 to 1885. He previously served in the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States representing Arkansas from 1861 to 1862.
The 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, also known as the "Northwest regiment", was an infantry formation of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It was originally formed as the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Battalion. After receiving the requisite ten companies, the battaltion was redesignated as the 21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment. Upon discovery that there was already another "21st Arkansas," the Northwest Regiment was again redesignated as the 15th Arkansas Infantry Regiment. This was the third Arkansas regiment to bear the designation "15th Arkansas." The others are Johnson's and Josey's Arkansas infantry regiments. Members of the Northwest Regiment fought both west and east of the Mississippi River before participating in the Vicksburg campaign, surrendering at Vicksburg in July 1863. After being paroled and exchanged, the regiment was consolidated with other state units to form the 1st Consolidated Arkansas Infantry Regiment.
The 20th Arkansas Infantry (1861–1865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The unit was also known as the 22nd Arkansas Infantry. When the unit was reorganized following its capture at the Siege of Vicksburg, it was officially redesignated as the 41st Arkansas Infantry (Mounted), by the Arkansas State Military Board, but this redesignation was completely ignored by the unit and Confederate authorities. The unit participated in the Camden Expedition and Price's Missouri Expedition as a mounted infantry unit.
George Washington Gayles was an American Baptist minister and state legislator in Mississippi. He was in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1872 until 1875 and to the Mississippi Senate from 1878 until 1886. He was a candidate for United States House of Representatives in 1892, but received only 6% of the vote due to the voter suppression laws of that period. He was also a noted Baptist minister and was known as the "Father of the Convention" of African American Baptists in Mississippi.
The 1964 presidential election in Arkansas was held on November 3, 1964 as part of the 1964 United States presidential election. State voters chose six electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson won the state of Arkansas with 56.06% of the popular vote, which was a substantial increase upon John F. Kennedy's 50.19% from the preceding election, although the Republican vote remained virtually unchanged at 43.41%. Johnson won all but ten of Arkansas' seventy-five counties, and all four congressional districts. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Arkansas voted for a different candidate than neighboring Louisiana. Furthermore, with Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina voting for Goldwater, Arkansas became the last Southern state to have never voted for a Republican candidate since the end of Reconstruction.
Hannibal Caesar Carter was the Secretary of State of Mississippi from September 1 to October 20, 1873, and from November 13, 1873, to January 4, 1874, serving the first term after being appointed when Hiram R. Revels resigned. He also served two non-consecutive terms representing Warren County in the Mississippi House of Representatives, the first from 1872 to 1873 the second from 1876 to 1877, both times as a Republican. In later years he changed his affiliation to Democratic. He was one of several African Americans to serve as Mississippi Secretary of State during the Reconstruction era.
Milton Coates was a cotton weigher who served as a state legislator and post office clerk in Mississippi. He represented Warren County, Mississippi in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1882 to 1885. A Republican, he lived on south Farmer Street in Vicksburg.
Weldon W. Edwards was an alderman, deputy sheriff, and state legislator in Mississippi. He represented Warren County, Mississippi in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1874 to 1877 and in 1882 and 1883.
Haskin S. Smith was a state legislator in Mississippi. He represented Claiborne County, Mississippi in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1872 to 1876. His marriage to a white woman (miscegnation) in 1874 was controversial. He opposed an 1875 proposal to have convicts work away from penitentiaries.
Joseph Smothers was a Baptist minister and state legislator in Mississippi. He represented Claiborne County in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1872 to 1875.
Samuel W. Fitzhugh was an American politician. He was a state legislator representing Wilkinson County, Mississippi in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1874 to 1876.
Eugene Bonaparte Welborne was a constable and state legislator in Mississippi. He represented Hinds County, Mississippi, from 1874 to 1875 in the Mississippi House of Representatives and lived in Clinton, Mississippi. He was a Republican.
F. Dora Wade was an American teacher and state legislator in Mississippi. He represented Yazoo County in the Mississippi House of Representatives. He served as marshal of Yazoo City in 1870 and was documented as a teacher in that year's census.
Matthew F. Colovin was the first professor of law at the University of Notre Dame and the first "principal" of the law department, serving during the 1868–69 academic year. His brother, Rev. Patrick J. Colovin, later served as the fifth president of the University of Notre Dame.
Cornelius J. Jones was a lawyer and state legislator who represented Issaquena County in the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1890 and 1891 as a Republican.
William H. Mallory was a storekeeper, farmer, and state legislator in Mississippi. He served in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1872 to 1873 and from 1876 to 1877 first for Warren County, Mississippi and then for LeFlore County and Sunflower County. Before serving as a state representative he was a policeman and alderman. In 1872 he was elected president of Vicksburg Fire Company #2.
David Higgins was an African American preacher and state legislator in Mississippi between 1870 and 1872. He was a Republican.
Allen Pardee Huggins (1839–1916) was a Union Army soldier, Freedmen’s Bureau official, sheriff, county school superintendent, tax official, and state legislator in Mississippi.
References
- 1 2 "Albert Johnson – Against All Odds".
- ↑ "Vicksburg Herald, June 2, 1868 – Against All Odds".
- ↑ https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2971&context=cklawreview Page 603
- ↑ "Vicksburg Herald, June 22, 1872 – Against All Odds".
- ↑ "Vicksburg Herald, May 28, 1867 – Against All Odds".
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