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Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in Southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini (Swaziland) and South Africa to the southwest. The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city of Mozambique is Maputo.
Mozambique was a Portuguese colony, overseas province and later a member state of Portugal. It gained independence from Portugal in 1975.
Politics in Mozambique takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Mozambique is head of state and head of government in a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Assembly of the Republic.
Samora Moisés Machel was a Mozambican military commander and political leader. A socialist in the tradition of Marxism–Leninism, he served as the first President of Mozambique from the country's independence in 1975. Machel died in office in 1986 when his presidential aircraft crashed near the Mozambican-South African border.
Joaquim Alberto Chissano is a politician who served as the second President of Mozambique, from 1986 to 2005. He is credited with transforming the war-torn country of Mozambique into one of the most successful African democracies. After his presidency, Chissano became an elder statesman, envoy and diplomat for both his home country and the United Nations. Chissano also served as Chairperson of the African Union from 2003 to 2004.
FRELIMO, from the Portuguese Frente de Libertação de Moçambique, is the dominant political party in Mozambique. Founded in 1962, FRELIMO began as a nationalist movement fighting for the independence of the Portuguese Overseas Province of Mozambique. Independence was achieved in June 1975 after the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon the previous year. It formally became a political party during its 3rd Congress in February 1977, and adopted Marxism–Leninism as its official ideology and FRELIMO Party as its official name.
Luísa Dias Diogo is a Mozambican politician who served as Prime Minister of Mozambique from February 2004 to January 2010. She replaced Pascoal Mocumbi, who had been Prime Minister for the previous nine years. Before becoming Prime Minister, she was Minister of Planning and Finance, and she continued to hold that post until February 2005. She was the first female Prime Minister of Mozambique. Diogo represents the party FRELIMO, which has ruled the country since independence in 1975.
Graça Machel is a Mozambican politician and humanitarian. She is the widow of former presidents of both Mozambique and South Africa; Mozambican president Samora Machel and South African president Nelson Mandela. Machel is an international advocate for women's and children's rights and was made an honorary British Dame by Queen Elizabeth II in 1997 for her humanitarian work. She is the only woman in modern history to have served as First Lady of two countries, South Africa and Mozambique.
Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane was the President of the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO) from 1962, the year that FRELIMO was founded in Tanzania, until his assassination in 1969. He was an anthropologist by profession, and worked as a history and sociology professor at Syracuse University.
Armando Emílio Guebuza is a Mozambican politician who was President of Mozambique from 2005 to 2015.
Afonso Marceta Macacho Dhlakama was a Mozambican politician and the leader of RENAMO, an anti-communist guerrilla movement that fought the FRELIMO government in the Mozambican Civil War before signing a peace agreement and becoming an opposition political party in the early 1990s. Dhlakama was born in Mangunde, Sofala Province.
The Mozambican Civil War was a civil war fought in Mozambique from 1977 to 1992. Like many regional African conflicts during the late twentieth century, the Mozambican Civil War possessed local dynamics but was also exacerbated greatly by the polarizing effects of Cold War politics. The war was fought between Mozambique's ruling Marxist Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), the anti-communist insurgent forces of the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO), and a number of smaller factions such as the PRM, UNAMO, COREMO, UNIPOMO, and FUMO.
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The Mozambican War of Independence was an armed conflict between the guerrilla forces of the Mozambique Liberation Front or FRELIMO, and Portugal. The war officially started on September 25, 1964, and ended with a ceasefire on September 8, 1974, resulting in a negotiated independence in 1975.
The People's Republic of Mozambique was a socialist state that existed in present day Mozambique from 1975 to 1990.
Filipe Jacinto Nyusi is a Mozambican politician serving as the fourth President of Mozambique since 2015. He is the current leader of Frelimo, the party that has governed Mozambique since its independence from Portugal in 1975. The Frelimo government has been described as authoritarian by The Economist Intelligence Unit, Monjane et al., and Manning et al. Additionally, he has served as the Chairman of the Southern African Development Community since August 2020.
Uria Timoteo Simango was a Mozambican Presbyterian minister and prominent leader of the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) during the liberation struggle against Portuguese colonial rule. His precise date of death is unknown as he was extrajudicially executed by the post-independence government of Samora Machel.
Teodato Mondim da Silva Hunguana is a Mozambican lawyer and politician who was the chairman of the boards of Telecomunicações de Moçambique and M-Cel.
The Political Bureau of the Central Committee of FRELIMO was a Politburo which briefly assumed the responsibilities of the President of the People's Republic of Mozambique between 19 October 1986 and 6 November 1986 following the death of Samora Machel and the election of Joaquim Chissano to succeed him. The Politburo was reformed in 1989 at the FRELIMO Party 5th Congress.
The present honours and decorations were passed by the Mozambican Assembly of the Republic in March 2011. It consists of two honorary titles, five Orders and some medals. The awards are managed by the National Commission on Honours and Decorations. The President of Mozambique will present the awards after recommendation by the Assembly, the provincial and central governments, the armed forces and the educational establishment.
References
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-07-08. Retrieved 2018-04-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ↑ "Flame of Unity heads southwards", Mozambique News Agency, No.299, 25 May 2005.
- ↑ "Council of state sworn in", Mozambique News Agency, No.311, 3 January 2006.
- ↑ Joseph Hanlon, "News reports & clippings no. 102" [ permanent dead link ], open.ac.uk, 17 November 2006.
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