Related Research Articles
The Eureka Rebellion was a series of events involving gold miners who revolted against the British administration of the colony of Victoria,Australia during the Victorian gold rush. It culminated in the Battle of the Eureka Stockade,which took place on 3 December 1854 at Ballarat between the rebels and the colonial forces of Australia. The fighting left at least 27 dead and many injured,most of the casualties being rebels. There was a preceding period beginning in 1851 of peaceful demonstrations and civil disobedience on the Victorian goldfields. The miners had various grievances,chiefly the cost of mining permits and the officious way the system was enforced.
The Victorian gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria,Australia,approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s. It led to a period of extreme prosperity for the Australian colony,and an influx of population growth and financial capital for Melbourne,which was dubbed "Marvellous Melbourne" as a result of the procurement of wealth.
The Eureka Flag was flown at the Battle of the Eureka Stockade,which took place on 3 December 1854 at Ballarat in Victoria,Australia. It was the culmination of the 1851–1854 Eureka Rebellion on the Victorian goldfields. Gold miners protested the cost of mining permits,the officious way the colonial authorities enforced the system,and other grievances. An estimated crowd of over 10,000 demonstrators swore allegiance to the flag as a symbol of defiance at Bakery Hill on 29 November 1854. It was then flown over the Eureka Stockade during the battle that resulted in at least 27 deaths. Around 120 miners were arrested,and many others were badly wounded.
Peter Fintan Lalor was an Irish-Australian rebel and,later,politician who rose to fame for his leading role in the Eureka Rebellion,an event identified with the "birth of democracy" in Australia.
Eureka Stockade is a 1949 British film of the story surrounding Irish-Australian rebel and politician Peter Lalor and the gold miners' rebellion of 1854 at the Eureka Stockade in Ballarat,Victoria,in the Australian Western genre.
The Ballarat Reform League came into being in October 1853 and was officially constituted on 11 November 1854 at a mass meeting of miners in Ballarat,Victoria to protest against the Victorian government's mining policy and administration of the goldfields.
Eureka Stockade is a 1907 Australian silent film about the Eureka Rebellion. It was the second feature film made in Australia,following The Story of the Kelly Gang.
The Loyal Rebel is a 1915 Australian silent film directed by Alfred Rolfe set against the background of the Eureka Rebellion.
Robert William Rede was a member of Victoria's volunteer militia,who was remembered for his part in the Eureka Rebellion.
The Battle of the Eureka Stockade was fought in Ballarat,Victoria,on 3 December 1854,between gold miners and the colonial forces of Australia. It was the culmination of the 1851–1854 Eureka Rebellion during the Victorian gold rush. The fighting resulted in at least 27 deaths and many injuries,the majority of casualties being rebels. The miners had various grievances,chiefly the cost of mining permits and the officious way the system was enforced.
Frederick Vern was a German who was one of the leaders in the Eureka Rebellion. He helped form the Ballarat Reform League. Vern went into hiding after the rebellion and spent a number of months on the run.
Since 2012 various theories have emerged,based on the Argus account of the Battle of the Eureka Stockade dated 4 December 1854 and an affidavit sworn by Private Hugh King three days later as to a flag being seized from a prisoner detained at the stockade,that a Union Jack,known as the Eureka Jack may also have been flown by the rebels. Readers of the Argus were told that:"The flag of the diggers,'The Southern Cross,' as well as the 'Union Jack,' which they had to hoist underneath,were captured by the foot police."
The following bibliography includes notable sources concerning the Eureka Rebellion. This article is currently being expanded and revised.
The political significance of the Eureka Rebellion is contested ground. It may be seen simply as a rebellion by miners against burdensome taxation or,as some authors suggest,the first expression of republican sentiment in Australia. Some would suggest the importance of the event has been exaggerated because Australian history does not include a major armed rebellion equivalent to the French Revolution or the American War of Independence. Others maintain that Eureka was a seminal event that marked a major change in the course of Australian history.
Edward Thonen was a German emigrant to Australia,and one of the miners involved in the Eureka Rebellion in Ballarat,Victoria. He was captain of one of the miners' divisions. When soldiers stormed the Stockade on 3 December 1854,Thonen was one of the first to be killed in the Battle of the Eureka Stockade.
The 1854 mining revolt in Australia,Eureka Rebellion inspired numerous novels,poems,films,songs,plays and artworks. Much of Eureka folklore relies heavily on Raffaello Carboni's 1855 book,The Eureka Stockade, which was the first and only comprehensive eyewitness account of the Eureka rebellion. The poet Henry Lawson wrote about Eureka,as have many novelists.
The following is a timeline of the Eureka Rebellion.
Historians have noted various manifestations of loyalist sentiment throughout the 1851-1854 Eureka Rebellion on the Victorian gold fields. Among the examples that have been cited include a letter from the Mayor of Melbourne to the Lieutenant Governor concerning US Independence Day in 1853,the Bendigo Petition and Red Ribbon Movement protests,the inaugural meeting of the Ballarat Reform League,the Eureka Jack Mystery,and the public protest in Melbourne following the Battle of the Eureka Stockade.
There were key people involved in the Eureka Rebellion who subscribed to the ideals of Chartism and saw the struggle on the Victorian goldfields as a continuation of the activism in Britain in the 1840s and "the centuries of heroic struggles in England which preceded the Australian Federation" such as the 1688 Glorious Revolution,that resulted in the enactment of the English Bill of Rights. From 1837 to 1848,129,607 incomers to Australia arrived from the British mainland,with at least 80 "physical force" chartists sentenced to penal servitude in Van Diemens Land. Currey agrees that the population at the time would have been sufficiently politically awake such that:"it may be fairly assumed that the aims of the Anti-Corn-Law League and the Chartists were very familiar to many of the Victorian miners."
The Victorian gold rush led to an influx of foreign nationals,increasing the colony's population from 77,000 in 1851 to 198,496 in 1853. Many like Raffaello Carboni had experienced the Revolutions of 1848. They supported the protest movement that formed on the goldfields in opposition to the administration of the mining tax system,ultimately leading to the armed uprising in Ballarat. It is currently known that the rebel garrison that defended the Eureka Stockade when government forces attacked on 3 December 1854 came from at least 23 different nations,including Australia,Canada,the United States of America,Jamaica,Mauritius,Russia,Norway,Finland,Sweden,Denmark,Poland,Switzerland,Italy,Greece,The Netherlands,Scotland,Ireland,England,Wales,Germany,France,Portugal and Spain. Carboni recalled that "We were of all nations and colours." During the 1855 Victorian High Treason trials The Argus court reporter observed that of "the first batch of prisoners brought up for examination,the four examined consisted of one Englishman,one Dane,one Italian,and one negro,and if that is not a foreign collection,we do not know what is." However,according to Professor Anne Beggs-Sunter's figures,in her sample of 44 rebels,only one hailed from a non-European country.
References
- "Fatal Mining Accident at Italian Gully",The Star,Ballarat,20 June 1859,p 3
- Mark McKenna. The Captive Republic:A History of Republicanism in Australia 1788-1996. Cambridge University Press. 1996. p 100.
- Audrey Oldfield. The Great Republic of the Southern Seas:Republicans in Nineteenth-century Australia. Hale &Iremonger. 1999. Pages 188 to 190.
- Noel McLachlan. Waiting for the Revolution:A History of Australian Nationalism. Penguin Books. 1989. p 90.
- Forbes et al. Battles of the Nineteenth Century. Cassell and Company. 1892. Volume 2. p 43.
- (2008) 10 Journal of Australian Colonial History 107
- Norman Bartlett. The Gold-seekers. Jarrolds. 1965. pp 187,188 &209.
- Nathan Frederick Spielvogel. The Affair at Eureka:The Story of '54. Second Edition. J Fraser. 1928. p 29.
- "The Affair at Eureka" (1912) 10 The Lone Hand 318
- Eureka Centenary Supplement. Historical Studies:Australia and New Zealand. December 1954. p 47.
- Roy Bridges,"The Story of a Hundred Years:Chapter 71:Eureka",The Herald,Melbourne,9 November 1934,p 22
- "Eureka:Symbol of Man's Fighting Spirit",The Herald,Melbourne,23 November 1946,p 13
- "The Eureka Stockade",The Ballarat Star,18 January 1870,p 2
- "The Eureka Stockade",Evening News,Sydney,3 December 1904,p 7
- "Gold-Seekers of the Fifties:The Eve of Eureka",The Argus,Melbourne,10 June 1899,p 4
- H R Nicholls,"Reminiscenses of the Eureka Stockade" (1889) 2 The Centennial Magazine 746 to 748
- Craig Stockings and John Connor. Before the Anzac Dawn. NewSouth. 2013. PT72.
- ↑ "Alfred Black". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- ↑ "Alfred Black". Cricket Archive. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- ↑ Carolyn Webb, "Sporting history unearths stories of Australia's forgotten cricketers", The Age, 24 December 2013.
- ↑ "Country News: Ballarat and District", The Argus, Melbourne, 13 March 1905, p 6
- ↑ William Bramwell Withers, The History of Ballarat: From the First Pastoral Settlement to the Present Time, 1887, pp 79, 101, 102, 106, 110 and 126.
- ↑ John Molony, Eureka, Melbourne University Press, 2001, pp 129, 146, 150, 170, 217 & 220
  | This biographical article related to Australian cricket is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |