Related Research Articles
Alcoholism is the drinking of alcohol to the point that causes problems,and continuing to drink even after problems arise. Problematic use of alcohol has been mentioned in the earliest historical records,such as in ancient Egypt and in the Bible,and remains widespread;the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated there were 283 million people with alcohol use disorders worldwide as of 2016. The term alcoholism was first coined in 1852,but "alcoholism" and "alcoholic" are stigmatizing and discourage seeking treatment,so clinical diagnostic terms such as alcohol use disorder or alcohol dependence are used instead.
Drug rehabilitation is the process of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol,prescription drugs,and street drugs such as cannabis,cocaine,heroin or amphetamines. The general intent is to enable the patient to confront substance dependence,if present,and stop substance misuse to avoid the psychological,legal,financial,social,and physical consequences that can be caused.
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a substance use disorder characterized by cravings for opioids,continued use despite physical and/or psychological deterioration,increased tolerance with use,and withdrawal symptoms after discontinuing opioids. Opioid withdrawal symptoms include nausea,muscle aches,diarrhea,trouble sleeping,agitation,and a low mood. Addiction and dependence are important components of opioid use disorder.
Naltrexone,sold under the brand names Revia and Vivitrol among others,is a medication primarily used to manage alcohol use or opioid use disorder by reducing cravings and feelings of euphoria associated with substance use disorder. It has also been found effective in the treatment of other addictions and may be used for them off-label. An opioid-dependent person should not receive naltrexone before detoxification. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle. Effects begin within 30 minutes,though a decreased desire for opioids may take a few weeks to occur. Side effects may include trouble sleeping,anxiety,nausea,and headaches. In those still on opioids,opioid withdrawal may occur. Use is not recommended in people with liver failure. It is unclear if use is safe during pregnancy. Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist and works by blocking the effects of opioids,including both opioid drugs as well as opioids naturally produced in the brain.
In internal medicine,relapse or recidivism is a recurrence of a past condition. For example,multiple sclerosis and malaria often exhibit peaks of activity and sometimes very long periods of dormancy,followed by relapse or recrudescence.
Substance dependence,also known as drug dependence,is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption of the drug. A drug addiction,a distinct concept from substance dependence,is defined as compulsive,out-of-control drug use,despite negative consequences. An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing. ΔFosB,a gene transcription factor,is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions,but not dependence.
Motivational therapy is a combination of humanistic treatment and enhanced cognitive-behavioral strategies,designed to treat substance use disorders. It is similar to motivational interviewing and motivational enhancement therapy.
Peter Gordon Saunders is an Australian social researcher. He is a professor and Director of the Social Policy Research Centre at the University of New South Wales. He was elected Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia in 1995 and in the 2022 Queen's Birthday Honours he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia.
Drug detoxification is variously construed or interpreted as a type of “medical”intervention or technique in regards to a physical dependence mediated by a drug;as well as the process and experience of a withdrawal syndrome or any of the treatments for acute drug overdose (toxidrome). The first definition however,in relation to substance dependence and its treatment is arguably a misnomer and even directly contradictory since withdrawal is neither contingent upon nor alleviated through biological excretion or clearance of the drug. In fact,excretion of a given drug from the body is one of the very processes that leads to withdrawal since the syndrome arises largely due to the cessation itself and the drug being absent from the body;especially the blood plasma,not from ‘leftover toxins’or traces of the drug still being in the system.
Polysubstance dependence refers to a type of substance use disorder in which an individual uses at least three different classes of substances indiscriminately and does not have a favorite substance that qualifies for dependence on its own. Although any combination of three substances can be used,studies have shown that alcohol is commonly used with another substance. This is supported by one study on polysubstance use that separated participants who used multiple substances into groups based on their preferred substance. The results of a longitudinal study on substance use led the researchers to observe that excessively using or relying on one substance increased the probability of excessively using or relying on another substance.
Addiction is generally a neuropsychological disorder defining pervasive and intense urge to engage in maladaptive behaviors providing immediate sensory rewards,despite their harmful consequences. Dependence is generally an addiction that can involve withdrawal issues. Addictive disorder is a category of mental disorders defining important intensities of addictions or dependences,which induce functional disabilities. There are no agreed definitions on these terms –see section on 'definitions'.
About 1 in 7 Americans suffer from active addiction to a particular substance. Addiction can cause physical,psychological,and emotional harm to those who are affected by it. The American Society of Addiction Medicine defines addiction as "a treatable,chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits,genetics,the environment,and an individual's life experiences. People with addiction use substances or engage in behaviors that become compulsive and often continue despite harmful consequences." In the world of psychology and medicine,there are two models that are commonly used in understanding the psychology behind addiction itself. One model is referred to as the disease model of addiction. The disease model suggests that addiction is a diagnosable disease similar to cancer or diabetes. This model attributes addiction to a chemical imbalance in an individual's brain that could be caused by genetics or environmental factors. The second model is the choice model of addiction,which holds that addiction is a result of voluntary actions rather than some dysfunction of the brain. Through this model,addiction is viewed as a choice and is studied through components of the brain such as reward,stress,and memory. Substance addictions relate to drugs,alcohol,and smoking. Process addictions relate to non-substance-related behaviors such as gambling,spending money,sexual activity,gaming,spending time on the internet,and eating.
Relapse prevention (RP) is a cognitive-behavioral approach to relapse with the goal of identifying and preventing high-risk situations such as unhealthy substance use,obsessive-compulsive behavior,sexual offending,obesity,and depression. It is an important component in the treatment process for alcohol use disorder,or alcohol dependence. This model founding is attributed to Terence Gorski's 1986 book "Staying Sober."
Vicki Anderson is an Australian clinical neuropsychologist and researcher. Since 2002 she has been the Theme Director of the Critical Care and Neurosciences group at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Melbourne,Australia,and she established the Australian Centre for Child Neuropsychological Studies at the Royal Children's Hospital.
Ellen Frank is a psychologist and Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry and Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of Pittsburgh. She is known in the field of Psychotherapy as one of the developers of Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy,which aims to treat bipolar disorder by correcting disruptions in the circadian rhythm while promoting increased regularity of daily social routines. Frank is the co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of HealthRhythms,a company that uses mobile technology to monitor the health and mental health of clients,facilitate the detection of changes in their status,and better manage mental health conditions.
Maree Rose Teesson,FAAHMS,FASSA,is an Australian expert on mental health. She is the Director of The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use and NHMRC Principal Research Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is also professorial fellow at the Black Dog Institute,UNSW.
John Reginald Piggott is an Australian economist. He is the Director of the ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research (CEPAR) at the University of New South Wales,Australia,where he is Scientia Professor of Economics. He is a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia.
Lisa Maher is Professor and head of Viral Hepatitis Epidemiology,at the Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity,at the University of New South Wales and was made Member of the Order of Australia in 2015. She was awarded an Elizabeth Blackburn Fellowship,in Public Health from the NHMRC,in 2014. She is a fellow of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences.
Bettina Cass is an Australian sociologist and social policy adviser. As of 2020 she is emeritus professor at both the University of New South Wales and the University of Sydney. After retirement,she continued to coordinate the Higher Research Degree programme at the Social Policy Research Centre,UNSW.
Eileen Baldry is an Australian criminologist and social justice advocate. She is Deputy Vice-Chancellor Equity Diversity and Inclusion and Professor of Criminology at the University of New South Wales (UNSW).
References
- ↑ Ritter, Alison (1988), Coping and relapse in opiate users , retrieved 2 December 2021
- ↑ Ritter, Alison J (1998), The influence of neuropsychological status on response to treatment for alcohol dependence: Coping skills, clinician ratings, self-efficacy and therapist characteristics , retrieved 2 December 2021
- 1 2 3 4 "Academy Fellow: Professor Alison Ritter AO, FASSA". Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
- 1 2 3 "Professor Alison Joan Ritter". It's an Honour. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
- ↑ "Editorial Board – International Journal of Drug Policy". Elsevier. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
- ↑ "37 Leading Social Scientists elected as Academy Fellows". Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. 8 November 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
