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The history of the Kyrgyz people and the land now called Kyrgyzstan goes back more than 3,000 years. Although geographically isolated by its mountainous location, it had an important role as part of the historical Silk Road trade route. In between periods of self-government it was ruled by Göktürks, the Uyghur Empire, and the Khitan people, before being conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century; subsequently it regained independence but was invaded by Kalmyks, Manchus and Uzbeks. In 1876 it became part of the Russian Empire, remaining in the USSR as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic after the Russian Revolution. Following Mikhael Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president of the SSR. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from Moscow, and a democratic government was subsequently established.
The politics of Kyrgyzstan, officially known as the Kyrgyz Republic, takes place in the framework of a presidential system representative democratic republic, whereby the President is head of state and the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers is head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Kyrgyzstan a "hybrid regime" in 2019.
The president of Kyrgyzstan is both the head of state and the head of government and the highest official of the Kyrgyz Republic. The president, according to the constitution, "is the symbol of the unity of people and state power, and is the guarantor of the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, and of an individual and citizen." The president is directly elected for no more than one six-year term by the Kyrgyz electorate. The office of president was established in 1990 replacing the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet that existed, in different forms, from 1927 whilst the country was known as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic.
Roza Isakovna Otunbayeva is a Kyrgyz diplomat and politician who served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from 7 April 2010 until 1 December 2011, becoming the first female Central Asian head of state. She was sworn in on July 3, 2010, after acting as interim leader following the 2010 April Revolution, which led to the ousting of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev. She previously served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and as head of the parliamentary caucus for the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan.
The Jogorku Kenesh is the unicameral Parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic. It was known as the Supreme Soviet of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic until 1991.
Sultan Ibraimovich Ibraimov was a Soviet politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic from 22 December 1978 until his assassination in 1980. The slow movement of the investigation created distrust in the Soviet system during a period of intense corruption, and the eventual discovery of the perpetrator's identity as an ethnic Russian ethnonationalist exacerbated ethnic tensions. Since his death, Ibraimov has become an important figure in Kyrgyzstan.
A new constitution of Kyrgyzstan was passed by referendum on 21 October 2007. It is based on the first post-Soviet constitution originally adopted on 5 May 1993.
Cholpon Aalievna Sultanbekova is a Kyrgyz politician and ex-member of the Supreme Council who is currently one of the country's Deputy Prime Ministers.
Bakyt Ergeshevich Torobayev is a Kyrgyz politician who has been the leader of the Onuguu-Progress party since 2013.
Myktybek Yusupovich Abdyldayev is a Kyrgyz politician, and current member of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan as deputy for the Bir Bol party.
Aliyarbek Tokobekovich Abjaliyev is a Kyrgyz politician, and current member of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan.
Salaydin Abdirayevich Aydarov is a Kyrgyz politician and ex-civil servant, and current member of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan.
Nurbek Kaaryevich Alimbekov is a Kyrgyz politician, and current member of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan.
Aynuru Toychiyevna Altybayeva is a Kyrgyz politician, and current member of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan.
Azamat Abdullazhanovich Arapbayev is a Kyrgyz politician, and current member of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan.
Osmonbek Mambetzhanovich Artykbayev is a Kyrgyz politician, and current member of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan.
Anvar Artykovich Artykov is a Kyrgyz politician, and current member of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan. Artykov served as governor of Osh Region between March and December 2005, and was previously a deputy between 1990 and 2000.
The State Committee for National Security is the national agency responsible for intelligence on counter terrorism and organised crime in Kyrgyzstan. In carrying out this task, it carries out both preventive and investigative measures against organized terrorism and crime. The chairman of the UKMK is a military officer and a member of the Security Council of Kyrgyzstan. It is currently based on 70 Erkindik Street, Bishkek.
Talant Turdumamatovich Mamytov is a Kyrgyz politician who is a member of the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan and a deputy from the Republic-Ata Zhurt faction. He was elected speaker of the council on November 4, 2020 after the resignation of interim President Sadyr Japarov. Due to the vacancy of the Presidency, the speaker of the council became head of state of Kyrgyzstan.
Akylbek Usenbekovich Japarov is a Kyrgyz politician serving as Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan since 12 October 2021. He replaced Ulukbek Maripov, who had been appointed to the new role by President Sadyr Japarov on 5 May 2021.