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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who invented calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics and statistics. Leibniz has been called the "last universal genius" due to his knowledge and skills in different fields and because such people became less common during the Industrial Revolution and spread of specialized labor after his lifetime. He is a prominent figure in both the history of philosophy and the history of mathematics. He wrote works on philosophy, theology, ethics, politics, law, history, philology, games, music, and other studies. Leibniz also made major contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in probability theory, biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics and computer science. In addition, he contributed to the field of library science by devising a cataloguing system whilst working at the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel, Germany, that would have served as a guide for many of Europe's largest libraries. Leibniz's contributions to a wide range of subjects were scattered in various learned journals, in tens of thousands of letters and in unpublished manuscripts. He wrote in several languages, primarily in Latin, French and German.
The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide to linguistics:
In metaphysics, ontology is the philosophical study of being. It investigates what types of entities exist, how they are grouped into categories, and how they are related to one another on the most fundamental level. Ontologists often try to determine what the categories or highest kinds are and how they form a system of categories that encompasses the classification of all entities. Commonly proposed categories include substances, properties, relations, states of affairs, and events. These categories are characterized by fundamental ontological concepts, including particularity and universality, abstractness and concreteness, or possibility and necessity. Of special interest is the concept of ontological dependence, which determines whether the entities of a category exist on the most fundamental level. Disagreements within ontology are often about whether entities belonging to a certain category exist and, if so, how they are related to other entities.
In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification", often in contrast to other possible sources of knowledge such as faith, tradition, or sensory experience. More formally, rationalism is defined as a methodology or a theory "in which the criterion of truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive".
Mathesis universalis is a hypothetical universal science modelled on mathematics envisaged by Descartes and Leibniz, among a number of other 16th- and 17th-century philosophers and mathematicians. For Leibniz, it would be supported by a calculus ratiocinator. John Wallis invokes the name as title in his Opera Mathematica, a textbook on arithmetic, algebra, and Cartesian geometry.
Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's people. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all humans. It may be the idea of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some religious and mythological traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings.
Universal science is a branch of metaphysics. In the work of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the universal science is the true logic. The idea of establishing a universal science originated in the seventeenth century with philosophers Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes. Bacon and Descartes conceptualized universal science as a unified approach to collect scientific information similar to encyclopedias of universal knowledge but were unsuccessful. Leibniz extended their ideas to use logic as an "index" to order universal scientific and mathematical information as an operational system with a universal language. Plato's system of idealism, formulated using the teachings of Socrates, is a predecessor to the concept of universal science and influenced Leibniz' s views against materialism in favor of logic. It emphasizes on the first principles which appear to be the reasoning behind everything, emerging and being in state with everything. This mode of reasoning had a supporting influence on great scientists such as Boole, Frege, Cantor, Hilbert, Gödel, and Turing. All of these great minds shared a similar dream, vision or belief in a future where universal computing would eventually change everything.
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This is an index of Wikipedia articles in philosophy of language
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References
- ↑ Leibniz, De Alphabeto cogitationum humanorum, (April 1679 to April 1681 (?)), Akademie VI.4 p.270
- ↑ Geiger, Richard A.; Rudzka-Ostyn, Brygida, eds. (1993). Conceptualizations and mental processing in language. International Cognitive Linguistics Conference (1 : 1989 : Duisburg). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-3-11-012714-0.
- ↑ Bunnin, Nicholas; Jiyuan Yu (2004). The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. Blackwell Publishing. p. 715. ISBN 978-1-4051-0679-5.
- ↑ Hatfield, Gary (3 December 2008). "René Descartes, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2014 Edition)". plato.stanford.edu. Stanford University. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
he offered a new vision of the natural world that continues to shape our thought today: a world of matter possessing a few fundamental properties and interacting according to a few universal laws.
- ↑ Chomsky, Noam (13 April 2000). New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind (Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 425–428. ISBN 0521658225.
I mentioned that modern generative grammar has sought to address concerns that animated the tradition; in particular, the Cartesian idea that "the true distinction" (Descartes 1649/1927: 360) between humans and other creatures or machines is the ability to act in the manner they took to be most clearly illustrated in the ordinary use of language: without any finite limits, influenced but not determined by internal state, appropriate to situations but not caused by them, coherent and evoking thoughts that the hearer might have expressed, and so on. The goal of the work I have been discussing is to unearth some of the factors that enter into such normal practice.
- ↑ Russell, L.J. (1985). "Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm". In Paul Edwards (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volumes 3 and 4. Macmillan Publishing. pp. 422–423. ASIN B0017IMQME.
his main emphasis... was on classification, deduction was a natural consequence of combining classified items into new classes.
- ↑ "PARCForum Presentation by Giannandrea, J." YouTube. min 37+. Retrieved 2015-10-30.