The Hall–Héroult process is the major industrial process for smelting aluminium. It involves dissolving aluminium oxide (alumina) in molten cryolite and electrolyzing the molten salt bath, typically in a purpose-built cell. The Hall–Héroult process applied at industrial scale happens at 940–980 °C and produces 99.5–99.8% pure aluminium. Recycling aluminum requires no electrolysis, thus it is not treated in this way.
Vedanta Limited is an Indian multinational mining company headquartered in Mumbai, with its main operations in iron ore, gold and aluminium mines in Goa, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Odisha.
Petroleum coke, abbreviated coke, pet coke or petcoke, is a final carbon-rich solid material that derives from oil refining, and is one type of the group of fuels referred to as cokes. Petcoke is the coke that, in particular, derives from a final cracking process—a thermo-based chemical engineering process that splits long chain hydrocarbons of petroleum into shorter chains—that takes place in units termed coker units. Stated succinctly, coke is the "carbonization product of high-boiling hydrocarbon fractions obtained in petroleum processing ". Petcoke is also produced in the production of synthetic crude oil (syncrude) from bitumen extracted from Canada's tar sands and from Venezuela's Orinoco oil sands. In petroleum coker units, residual oils from other distillation processes used in petroleum refining are treated at a high temperature and pressure leaving the petcoke after driving off gases and volatiles, and separating off remaining light and heavy oils. These processes are termed "coking processes", and most typically employ chemical engineering plant operations for the specific process of delayed coking.
National Aluminium Company Limited is an Indian public sector company having integrated and diversified operations in mining, metal and power. Presently, the Government of India holds a 51.28% equity stake in NALCO, while the Ministry of Mines has administrative control over the company.
Dempo Mining Corporation Limited is a prominent mining company from the western Indian state of Goa. The mineral business was founded by Mr. Vasantrao S. Dempo in 1941 along with his younger brother Mr. Vaikuntrao Dempo. Mr. Vasantrao S. Dempo was the Founder Chairman of the company, who was succeeded by his son Mr. Vasudeva V. Dempo. Currently Shrinivas V. Dempo, son of Mr. Vasudeva V. Dempo is the chairman of Dempo Group. Dempo Sports Club is linked to Dempo mining company. Dempo company has interests in many fields and the umbrella company is known as V.S. Dempo & Co. In June 2011, Vedanta Limited acquired Dempo Group's mining assets for ₹17.5 billion (US$210 million).
Volta Aluminum Company, known as VALCO, is an aluminium company based in Tema, Greater Accra Region founded by Kaiser Aluminum and now wholly owned by the government of Ghana.
A delayed coker is a type of coker whose process consists of heating a residual oil feed to its thermal cracking temperature in a furnace with multiple parallel passes. This cracks the heavy, long chain hydrocarbon molecules of the residual oil into coker gas oil and petroleum coke.
Mongstad is an industrial site in Vestland county, Norway. The site sits on the border of the municipalities of Alver and Austrheim, with most of the site in Alver. The site features an oil refinery for Equinor and other oil companies, including Shell. At Mongstad, Equinor has a crude oil terminal with a capacity of 9.5 million barrels (1,510,000 m3). The port at Mongstad is the largest in Norway, measured in tonnage. The refinery at Mongstad is modern, and has been extensively upgraded, with a capacity of 12 million tonnes of crude oil per year. The refinery is the largest in Norway, though medium-sized by European standards. It is owned by a company called Mongstad Refining, in which Equinor has whole ownership.
Aluminium smelting is the process of extracting aluminium from its oxide, alumina, generally by the Hall-Héroult process. Alumina is extracted from the ore bauxite by means of the Bayer process at an alumina refinery.
The Point Henry aluminium smelter was located near Geelong, Victoria in the suburb of Moolap prior to its closure in 2014. The smelter had a production capacity of 185,000 tonnes of aluminium a year. It was operated by Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals Australia, a joint venture between Alcoa (60%) and Alumina Limited (39.25%). Alumina was brought in by ship and unloaded at a dedicated pier, and approximately half of this finished aluminium was sold to the neighbouring Alcoa Australia Rolled Products plant, where aluminium was rolled into sheet for can manufacture. The remainder of the aluminium was despatched by road as ingots. Around 1000 people were employed at the Point Henry plant.
The Tomago aluminium smelter is located at Tomago, New South Wales, Australia, approximately 13 km west of Newcastle, within the Port Stephens LGA. The smelter has a production capacity of 590,000 tonnes of aluminium per year. It is operated by Tomago Aluminium Company, an independently managed joint venture owned by:
The Kurri Kurri aluminium smelter was located in Kurri Kurri, Australia and operated from 1969 until 2012. Developed by Alcan Australia Limited, the smelter experienced a change of ownership three times during its operations. Through gradual expansion, the smelter increased its production capacity from 30,000 tonnes per year (t/y) to 180,000 t/y of aluminium by the 1990s. The Kurri Kurri Smelter was engaged in operations in four areas; potlines for the melting of alumina, a cast house for casting of molten metal, a carbon plant for baking anodes, and anode plants for the manufacturing of carbon anodes.
The Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter is an aluminium smelter owned by Rio Tinto Group (79.36%) and the Sumitomo Group (20.64%), via a joint venture called New Zealand Aluminium Smelters (NZAS) Limited.
En+ Group plc is a green energy and metals company. It has a controlling stake in Rusal, one of the world's largest aluminum producers outside of China. EN+ was founded by Oleg Deripaska
Zinc smelting is the process of converting zinc concentrates into pure zinc. Zinc smelting has historically been more difficult than the smelting of other metals, e.g. iron, because in contrast, zinc has a low boiling point. At temperatures typically used for smelting metals, zinc is a gas that will escape from a furnace with the flue gas and be lost, unless specific measures are taken to prevent it.
Prebaked consumable carbon anodes are a specific type of anode designed for aluminium smelting using the Hall-Héroult process.
Qatalum is an aluminium smelter plant located in Mesaieed Industrial Area that is a joint venture between QatarEnergy and Norsk Hydro.
The Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO) is an integrated petroleum company that is the national oil company of Bahrain.
Goa Carbon Limited is an Indian petrochemical company and is engaged in the manufacture and sale of Calcined Petroleum Coke. It is a public company listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange and is the second largest producer of Calcined Petroleum Coke in India. Other specialty consumer segments include titanium dioxide and other chemicals. The company's calcination plant is located approximately 40 kilometers from the Mormugoa Port. It was incorporated and established on 22 June 1967. It has manufacturing facilities in Goa, Paradip and Bilaspur. Total capacity is 1,65,000 MT per annum.
China Hongqiao Group Limited is a company founded in 1994 that specializes in the production of aluminium. Hongqiao is currently the second largest aluminium producer in the world after Chinalco. It is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange with stock code 1378, and is incorporated in George Town, Cayman Islands.
$4,106 million (2023)
