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The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu, also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a culturally Persianate, Muslim Turkoman monarchy that ruled over the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468.
Shah Rukh or Shahrukh Mirza was the ruler of the Timurid Empire between 1405 and 1447.
Uzun Hasan or Uzun Hassan was a ruler of the Turkoman Aq Qoyunlu state and is generally considered to be its strongest ruler. Hasan ruled between 1452 and 1478, and would preside over the confederation's territorial apex when it included parts or all of present-day Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran, Transcaucasia and Syria.
Muzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf or Abu al-Muzaffar Jahan Shah was the leader of the Qara Qoyunlu Oghuz Turkic tribal confederacy in Azerbaijan and Arran who reigned c. 1438 – 1467. During his reign he managed to expand the Qara Qoyunlu's territory to its largest extent, including Eastern Anatolia, most of present-day Iraq, central Iran, and even eventually Kerman. He also conquered neighbouring states. He was one of the greatest rulers of the Qara Qoyunlu. He was also allegedly fond of drinking and entertainment. During his reign Jahan Shah had the Gökmedrese and Muzafferiye theological schools constructed in his capital city Tabriz.
Sultan Husayn Bayqara Mirza was the Timurid ruler of Herat from 1469 until May 4, 1506, with a brief interruption in 1470.
The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Turkoman tribal confederation. Founded in the Diyarbakir region by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg, they ruled parts of present-day eastern Turkey from 1378 to 1503, and in their last decades also ruled Armenia, Azerbaijan, much of Iran, Iraq, and Oman where the ruler of Hormuz recognised Aq Qoyunlu suzerainty. The Aq Qoyunlu empire reached its zenith under Uzun Hasan.
Abu NasrQara Yusuf ibn MohammadBarani was the ruler of the Qara Qoyunlu dynasty from c.1388 to 1420, although his reign was interrupted by Tamerlane's invasion (1400–1405). He was the son of Qara Mahammad Töremish, a brother-in-law to Ahmad Jalayir.
Qara Iskandar ruled the Qara Qoyunlu or Black Sheep Turcoman tribe from 1420 to 1436. His struggles with the Timurid ruler Shah Rukh show that he was a brave leader, but he was not able to continue developing what he inherited from his father Qara Yusuf; his reign also saw the decline of the Qara Qoyunlu.
Hasanali, also known as Sultan Hasanali or Hasanali Beg — was the last sultan of the Qara Qoyunlu state and the son of Jahan Shah Haqİqi. After the assassination of Jahan Shah on November 10, 1467, Hasanali attempted to restore Qara Qoyunlu rule in the south of Azerbaijan but was killed in 1469 before achieving this goal.
Sultan Muhammad was the Timurid ruler of Persia and Fars from around 1447 until his death. He was the son of Baysunghur son of Shah Rukh.
Abu Sa'id Mirza was the ruler of the Timurid Empire during the mid-fifteenth century.
The Battle of Qarabagh was fought on February 4, 1469, between Aq Qoyunlu under Uzun Hasan, and the Timurids of Samarkand under Abu Sa'id Mirza, resulting in the latter's defeat, imprisonment and execution. After the battle, the Timurids forever lost any hopes of gaining Iraq or Iran back into their kingdom.
The Battle of Chapakchur was a decisive battle fought between Qara Qoyunlu under the leadership of Jahan Shah and Aq Qoyunlu under the leadership of Uzun Hasan. Jahan Shah was defeated by Uzun Hasan in a battle near the sanjak of Çapakçur in present-day eastern Turkey on October 30, 1467.
Mirza Yusuf died 22 October 1469, r. 1468–1469) was the last sultan of the Qara Qoyunlu, also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, to have significant authority.
Rukn-ud-din Ala al-Dawla Mirza, also spelt Ala ud-Dawla Mirza and Ala ud-Daula Mirza, was a Timurid prince and a grandson of the Central Asian ruler Shah Rukh. Following his grandfather's death, Ala al-Dawla became embroiled in the ensuing succession struggle. Though he initially possessed a strategic advantage, he was eventually overtaken by his more successful rivals. Ala al-Dawla died in exile after numerous failed attempts to gain the throne.
Abu Bakr Tihrani was an Iranian secretary, who served under the Timurid, Qara Qoyunlu, and Aq Qoyunlu dynasties in the 15th century. Initially serving in the provincial divan of the Timurid ruler Shah Rukh, Tihrani shifted his allegiance to the rising Qara Qoyunlu leader Jahan Shah, whom he accompanied in his campaigns. However, with the downfall of the Qara Qoyunlu and the rise of the Aq Qoyunlu leader Uzun Hasan, Tihrani eventually joined the latter in April 1469, becoming one of his close companions. He played an influential role in the correspondence of the Aq Qoyunlu, and also became their court historian, composing the Kitab-i Diyarbakriyya in 1473/4, the main account of the Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu. The last mention of Tihrani is in 1481; he probably died not longer after.
Jalal ud-Din Ali ibn Kara Yuluk Osman, or Mirza Ali Beg was the sixth bey of the Turkoman tribal federation of the Aq Qoyunlu from 1435 to 1438.
The High Middle Ages, or Classic Feudalism Period in what constitutes the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan, lasted from around the 11th century to the 15th century AD. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended around the 15thcentury AD. Key historical trends of the High Middle Ages include the incorporation of the territories that constitute present-day Azerbaijan into the Seljuk Empire, the establishment of the Eldiguzids, the Mongol invasions and the rule of the Ilkhanate, the invasions of Timur and the establishment of the Turkoman Kara Koyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu tribal confederations.
Ughurlu Muhammad Beg or Ughurlu Mehmed was a prince of the Aq Qoyunlu, son of Uzun Hasan and his Kurdish spouse.
Suleiman Beg was the ruler of Dulkadir, a principality in southern Anatolia, from 1442 until his death. During the reign of his father, Nasir al-Din Mehmed, he served as the wali (governor) of Kayseri. His reign was relatively uneventful. His major accomplishment was the arrangement of the political marriages of his daughters to the rulers of two major powers that the Dulkadirids formed a buffer region between, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II and the Mamluk Sultan Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq. Towards the end of his reign, Suleiman was involved in the internal struggle of the Aq Qoyunlu, members of whom sought safety under him. Following the end of this conflict, Suleiman led an unsuccessful siege on Çemişgezek. He had numerous offspring, among whom four sons would consecutively rule the state. He was succeeded by Malik Arslan.
References
Information about Mirza's life is largely found in Tarikh-i-Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah", a book written for Sultan Muhammad Qutbshah.
- ↑ Parveen, Zareena,, Lāthir, Kanvar Samīr. (2015). Tārīkh-i Sulṭān Muḥammad Quṭb Shāh, Sultan of Golkunda.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ ÇAKMAK, Mehmet Ali (2014-11-21). "Fights Between Akkoyunlu and Karakoyunlu". Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (in Turkish). 25 (3).
- 1 2 Minorsky, V. (1955). "The Qara-Qoyunlu And The Qutb-Shahs". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 17 (1): 50–73. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00106342. ISSN 1474-0699. S2CID 162273460.
- ↑ Masud Husain Khan (1996). Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788126002337.
- ↑ Yaaminey Mubayi (2022). Water and Historic Settlements. The Making of a Cultural Landscape. ISBN 9781000641639.
- ↑ George Michell, Mark Zebrowski (1999). Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates. Cambridge University Press.