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A neutrino is a fermion that interacts only via the weak interaction and gravity. The neutrino is so named because it is electrically neutral and because its rest mass is so small (-ino) that it was long thought to be zero. The rest mass of the neutrino is much smaller than that of the other known elementary particles. The weak force has a very short range,the gravitational interaction is extremely weak due to the very small mass of the neutrino,and neutrinos do not participate in the electromagnetic interaction or the strong interaction. Thus,neutrinos typically pass through normal matter unimpeded and undetected.
The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) was a neutrino observatory located 2100 m underground in Vale's Creighton Mine in Sudbury,Ontario,Canada. The detector was designed to detect solar neutrinos through their interactions with a large tank of heavy water.
Super-Kamiokande is a neutrino observatory located under Mount Ikeno near the city of Hida,Gifu Prefecture,Japan. It is operated by the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research,University of Tokyo with the help of an international team. It is located 1,000 m (3,300 ft) underground in the Mozumi Mine in Hida's Kamioka area. The observatory was designed to detect high-energy neutrinos,to search for proton decay,study solar and atmospheric neutrinos,and keep watch for supernovae in the Milky Way Galaxy.
Neutrino oscillation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which a neutrino created with a specific lepton family number can later be measured to have a different lepton family number. The probability of measuring a particular flavor for a neutrino varies between three known states,as it propagates through space.
A solar neutrino is a neutrino originating from nuclear fusion in the Sun's core,and is the most common type of neutrino passing through any source observed on Earth at any particular moment. Neutrinos are elementary particles with extremely small rest mass and a neutral electric charge. They only interact with matter via the weak interaction and gravity,making their detection very difficult. This has led to the now-resolved solar neutrino problem. Much is now known about solar neutrinos,but the research in this field is ongoing.
T2K is a particle physics experiment studying the oscillations of the accelerator neutrinos. The experiment is conducted in Japan by the international cooperation of about 500 physicists and engineers with over 60 research institutions from several countries from Europe,Asia and North America and it is a recognized CERN experiment (RE13). T2K collected data within its first phase of operation from 2010 till 2021. The second phase of data taking is expected to start in 2023 and last until commencement of the successor of T2K –the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment in 2027.
Hyper-Kamiokande is a neutrino observatory and experiment under construction in Hida,Gifu and in Tokai,Ibaraki in Japan. It is conducted by the University of Tokyo and the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK),in collaboration with institutes from over 20 countries across six continents. As a successor of the Super-Kamiokande and T2K experiments,it is designed to search for proton decay and detect neutrinos from natural sources such as the Earth,the atmosphere,the Sun and the cosmos,as well as to study neutrino oscillations of the man-made accelerator neutrino beam. The beginning of data-taking is planned for 2027.
The Kamioka Observatory,Institute for Cosmic Ray Research,University of Tokyo is a neutrino and gravitational waves laboratory located underground in the Mozumi mine of the Kamioka Mining and Smelting Co. near the Kamioka section of the city of Hida in Gifu Prefecture,Japan. A set of groundbreaking neutrino experiments have taken place at the observatory over the past two decades. All of the experiments have been very large and have contributed substantially to the advancement of particle physics,in particular to the study of neutrino astronomy and neutrino oscillation.
The NOνA experiment is a particle physics experiment designed to detect neutrinos in Fermilab's NuMI beam. Intended to be the successor to MINOS,NOνA consists of two detectors,one at Fermilab,and one in northern Minnesota. Neutrinos from NuMI pass through 810 km of Earth to reach the far detector. NOνA's main goal is to observe the oscillation of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos. The primary physics goals of NOvA are:
The timeline of particle physics lists the sequence of particle physics theories and discoveries in chronological order. The most modern developments follow the scientific development of the discipline of particle physics.
NA61/SHINE is a particle physics experiment at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). The experiment studies the hadronic final states produced in interactions of various beam particles with a variety of fixed nuclear targets at the SPS energies.
The solar neutrino problem concerned a large discrepancy between the flux of solar neutrinos as predicted from the Sun's luminosity and as measured directly. The discrepancy was first observed in the mid-1960s and was resolved around 2002.
Antonio Ereditato is an Italian physicist,currently Research Professor at the University of Chicago,associate researcher at Fermilab,Batavia,USA,and Emeritus professor at the University of Bern,Switzerland,where he has been Director of the Laboratory for High Energy Physics from 2006 to 2020. From 2021 to 2022 Ereditato has been Visiting Professor at the Yale University,USA. He carried out research activities in the field of experimental neutrino physics,of weak interactions and strong interactions with experiments conducted at CERN,in Japan,at Fermilab in United States and at the LNGS in Italy. Ereditato has accomplished several R&D studies on particle detectors:wire chambers,calorimeters,time projection chambers,nuclear emulsions,detectors for medical applications.
Herbert Hwa-sen Chen was a theoretical and experimental physicist at the University of California at Irvine known for his contributions in the field of neutrino detection. Chen's work on observations of elastic neutrino-electron scattering provided important experimental support for the electroweak theory of the standard model of particle physics. In 1984 Chen realized that the deuterium of heavy water could be used as a detector that would distinguish the flavors of solar neutrinos. This idea led Chen to develop plans for the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory that would eventually make fundamental measurements demonstrating that neutrinos were particles with mass.
Atsuto Suzuki is an experimental particle physicist known for his observations of neutrinos and anti-neutrinos.
KōichirōNishikawa was a Japanese elementary particle physicist,known for contributions to neutrino physics. He was professor emeritus of the KEK high-energy physics laboratory and Kyōto University.
Kate Scholberg is a Canadian and American neutrino physicist whose research has included experimental studies of neutrino oscillation and the detection of supernovae. She is currently the Arts &Sciences Distinguished Professor of Physics and Bass Fellow at Duke University.
Geralyn P. (Sam) Zeller is an American neutrino physicist at Fermilab. At Fermilab,she is a participant in the MiniBooNE experiment,co-spokesperson for the MicroBooNE experiment,and deputy head of the Neutrino Division.
Jodi Ann Cooley is an American experimental physicist specializing in the search for particles that might constitute dark matter. She was formerly a professor of physics at Southern Methodist University and is currently the executive director of SNOLAB,an underground laboratory for dark matter physics and neutrino observation,located in Creighton Mine in Greater Sudbury,Ontario,Canada.
Donna Lynne Naples is an American neutrino physicist whose research involves both the use of particle accelerators to generate neutrino beams,and the use of underground neutrino detectors to study cosmic neutrinos and neutrino oscillation. She is a professor in the Department of Physics &Astronomy at the University of Pittsburgh.
References
- 1 2 3 "2006 Mitsuyoshi Tanaka Dissertation Award in Experimental Particle Physics Recipient". American Physical Society. 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
- ↑ Williams, Andy (June 24, 1994). "266 South Brunswick graduates told they excel". New Brunswick, New Jersey: Home News Tribune . Retrieved November 11, 2022– via newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Evidence for Neutrino Oscillations in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory" (PDF). Fall 2004. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
- 1 2 Mustain, Andrea (March 15, 2020). "ARRA money funds young neutrino physicist's research". DOE Pulse. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
- ↑ "Hunting Cosmic Ghosts". United States Department of Energy. 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
- ↑ "CU-Boulder part of international team to discover neutrinos can change 'flavors'". University of Colorado Boulder. June 15, 2011. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
- ↑ "Alysia Marino Wins PECASE Award". University of Colorado Boulder. September 27, 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
- ↑ "CU Physics team shares in 2016 Breakthrough Prize for Fundamental Physics". University of Colorado Boulder. November 9, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
- ↑ "APS Fellow Archive". American Physical Society . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
