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The voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It was part of the consonant inventory of Old English and can still be found in some dialects of English,most notably in Scottish English,e.g. in loch,broch or saugh (willow).
The voiceless alveolar,dental and postalveolarplosives are types of consonantal sounds used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental,alveolar,and postalveolar plosives is ⟨t⟩,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic,⟨t̪⟩and the postalveolar with a retraction line,⟨t̠⟩,and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation,⟨t͇⟩.
The voiced alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is ⟨ɹ⟩,a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\.
The voiced alveolar tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound,used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents a dental,alveolar,or postalveolar tap or flap is ⟨ɾ⟩.
The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental,alveolar,and postalveolar trills is ⟨r⟩,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is commonly called the rolled R,rolling R,or trilled R. Quite often,⟨r⟩is used in phonemic transcriptions of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.
The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is ⟨ʝ⟩,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant.
The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ç⟩,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative.
The open back unrounded vowel,or low back unrounded vowel,is a type of vowel sound,used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɑ⟩,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is A. The letter ⟨ɑ⟩is called script a because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter a,which corresponds to a different vowel,the open front unrounded vowel. Script a,which has its linear stroke on the bottom right,should not be confused with turned script a,,which has its linear stroke on the top left and corresponds to a rounded version of this vowel,the open back rounded vowel.
The close front unrounded vowel,or high front unrounded vowel,is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages,represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English word meet—and often called long-e in American English. Although in English this sound has additional length and is not normally pronounced as a pure vowel,some dialects have been reported to pronounce the phoneme as a pure sound. A pure sound is also heard in many other languages,such as French,in words like chic.
Cypriot Greek is the variety of Modern Greek that is spoken by the majority of the Cypriot populace and Greek Cypriot diaspora. It is considered a divergent dialect as it differs from Standard Modern Greek in various aspects of its lexicon,phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax and even pragmatics,not only for historical reasons but also because of geographical isolation,and extensive contact with typologically distinct languages.
A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds,not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:
The Lendu language is a Central Sudanic language spoken by the Balendru,an ethno-linguistic agriculturalist group residing in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the area west and northwest of Lake Albert,specifically the Ituri Region of Orientale Province. It is one of the most populous of the Central Sudanic languages. There are three-quarters of a million Lendu speakers in the DRC. A conflict between the Lendu and the Hema was the basis of the Ituri conflict.
Prenasalized consonants are phonetic sequences of a nasal and an obstruent that behave phonologically like single consonants. The primary reason for considering them to be single consonants,rather than clusters as in English finger or member,lies in their behaviour;however,there may also be phonetic correlates which distinguish prenasalized consonants from clusters. Because of the additional difficulty in both articulation and timing,prenasalized fricatives and sonorants are not as common as prenasalized stops or affricates,and the presence of the former implies the latter. Only three languages have been reported to have a contrast between prenasalized consonants (NC) and their corresponding clusters (NC).
This article deals with the phonology and phonetics of Standard Modern Greek. For phonological characteristics of other varieties,see varieties of Modern Greek,and for Cypriot,specifically,see Cypriot Greek § Phonology.
The Journal of the International Phonetic Association is a peer-reviewed academic journal that appears three times a year. It is published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the International Phonetic Association. It was established as Dhi Fonètik Tîtcer in 1886. In 1889,it was renamed Le Maître Phonétique and French was designated as the Association's official language. It was written entirely in the IPA,with its name being written accordingly as "" and hence abbreviated "mf",until it obtained its current name and English became the official language again in 1971. It covers topics in phonetics and applied phonetics such as speech therapy and voice recognition,as well as "Illustrations of the IPA" that describe individual languages using the IPA. The journal is abstracted and indexed in the MLA Bibliography.
The Association for Laboratory Phonology is a non-profit professional society for researchers interested in the sound structure of language. It was founded to promote the scientific study of all aspects of phonetics and phonology of oral and sign languages through scholarly exchange across disciplines and through the use of a hybrid methodology. The founding and honorary members are Amalia Arvaniti,Mary Beckman,Cathi Best,Catherine Browman,Jennifer S. Cole,Mariapaola D'Imperio,Louis M. Goldstein,JoséIgnacio Hualde,Patricia Keating,John Kingston,D.R. Ladd,Peter Ladefoged,Janet Pierrehumbert,Caroline Smith,Paul Warren,and Douglas Whalen. The Association is an international body open to scholars world-wide,and currently has over 100 members.
Carlos Gussenhoven is a professor of linguistics at Radboud University Nijmegen. He specializes in phonetics and phonology.
Elizabeth Cook Zsiga is a linguist whose work focuses on phonology and phonetics. She is a Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University.
Mirjam Ernestus is professor of psycholinguistics and scientific director of the Centre for Language Studies at Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands.
References
- 1 2 "Prof. A. Arvaniti (Amalia)". Radboud University.
- 1 2 "Amalia Arvaniti". scholar.google.com.
- ↑ "Phonetics Laboratory History". University of Cambridge Phonetics Laboratory. 8 June 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
