American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

Last updated April 23, 2019

The American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) is an academic association of pediatric ophthalmologists and strabismus surgeons. The pediatric ophthalmology fellowships in the United States are accredited by the AAPOS. International members are also allowed based on evident valuable contributions and dedication to the field of pediatric ophthalmology.

In modern medicine, a surgeon is a physician who performs surgical operations. There are also surgeons in podiatry, dentistry maxillofacial surgeon and the veterinary fields.

A Fellowship is the period of medical training, in the United States and Canada, that a physician or dentist may undertake after completing a specialty training program (residency). During this time, the physician is known as a Fellow. Fellows are capable of acting as an Attending Physician or a Consultant Physician in the generalist field in which they were trained, such as Internal Medicine or Pediatrics. After completing a Fellowship in the relevant sub-specialty, the Physician is permitted to practice without direct supervision by other physicians in that sub-specialty, such as Cardiology or Oncology.

President	Annual meeting	Year
R. Michael Siatkowski, MD	San Diego, CA	2018-2019
Derek T. Sprunger, MD	Washington DC	2017-2018
Robert E. Wiggins, Jr, MD, MHA	Nashville, TN	2016-2017
M. Edward Wilson, Jr, MD	Vancouver, BC, Canada	2015-2016
Sherwin J. Isenberg, MD	New Orleans, LA	2014-2015
Sharon F. Freedman, MD	Palm Springs, CA	2013-2014
K. David Epley, MD	Boston, MA	2012-2013
Steven E. Rubin, MD	San Antonio, TX	2011-2012
David A. Plager, MD	San Diego, CA	2010-2011
C. Gail Summers, MD	Orlando, FL	2009-2010
Bradley C. Black, MD	San Francisco, CA	2008-2009
Edward G. Buckley, MD	Seattle, WA	2007-2008
Christie L. Morse, MD	Seattle, WA	2006-2007
Michael X. Repka, MD	Keystone, CO	2005-2006
Susan H. Day, MD	Orlando, FL	2004-2005
George S. Ellis, Jr, MD	Washington, DC	2003-2004
Joseph H. Calhoun, MD	Waikoloa, HI	2002-2003
Jane D. Kivlin, MD	Seattle, WA	2001-2002
Albert W. Biglan, MD	Orlando, FL	2000-2001
Maynard B. Wheeler, MD	San Diego, CA	1999-2000
Marilyn T. Miller, MD	Toronto, Canada	1998-1999
John W. Simon, MD	Palm Springs, CA	1997-1998
Earl A. Palmer, MD	Charleston, SC	1996-1997
John D. Baker, MD	Snowbird, UT	1995-1996
Malcolm L. Mazow, MD	Orlando, FL	1994-1995
David L. Guyton, MD	Vancouver, BC, Canada	1993-1994
Forrest D. Ellis, MD	Palm Springs, CA	1992-1993
John T. Flynn, MD	Maui, HI	1991-1992
Henry S. Metz, MD	Montreal, QC, Canada	1990-1991
Eugene M. Helveston, MD	Lake George, NY	1989-1990
William E. Scott, MD	Kiawah, HI	1988-1989
Arthur L. Rosenbaum, MD	Boston, MA	1987-1988
Gunter K. von Noorden, MD	Scottsdale, AZ	1986-1987
Thomas D. France, MD	Maui, HI	1985-1986
Eugene R. Folk, MD	Puerto Rico	1984-1985
John A. Pratt-Johnson, MD	Vail, CO	1983-1984
Alfred G. Smith, MD	Vancouver, BC, Canada	1982-1983
Arthur Jampolsky, MD	Monterey, CA	1981-1982
Webb Chamberlain, MD	Orlando, FL	1980-1981
Phillip Knapp, MD	San Diego, CA	1979-1980
David S. Friendly, MD	Toronto, ON, Canada	1978-1980
Robison D. Harley, MD	Williamsburg, VA	1977-1978
Jack C. Crawford, MD	San Francisco, CA	1876-1977
Robert D. Reinecke, MD	Bermuda	1975-1976
Marshall M. Parks, MD	Lake Tahoe, NV	1974-1975

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Esotropia is a form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turns inward. The condition can be constantly present, or occur intermittently, and can give the affected individual a "cross-eyed" appearance. It is the opposite of exotropia and usually involves more severe axis deviation than esophoria. Esotropia is sometimes erroneously called "lazy eye", which describes the condition of amblyopia—a reduction in vision of one or both eyes that is not the result of any pathology of the eye and cannot be resolved by the use of corrective lenses. Amblyopia can, however, arise as a result of esotropia occurring in childhood: In order to relieve symptoms of diplopia or double vision, the child's brain will ignore or "suppress" the image from the esotropic eye, which when allowed to continue untreated will lead to the development of amblyopia. Treatment options for esotropia include glasses to correct refractive errors, the use of prisms and/or orthoptic exercises and/or eye muscle surgery. The term is from Greek eso meaning "inward" and trope meaning "a turning".

Strabismus is a condition in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. The eye which is focused on an object can alternate. The condition may be present occasionally or constantly. If present during a large part of childhood, it may result in amblyopia or loss of depth perception. If onset is during adulthood, it is more likely to result in double vision.

Vision therapy (VT) is an umbrella term for a variety of treatments based around eyes exercises. The treatments aim to treat convergence disorder – for which there is supporting evidence – and a range of neurological, educational and spatial difficulties – uses which are not supported by good evidence.

An eye care professional (ECP) is an individual who provides a service related to the eyes or vision. It is any healthcare worker involved in eye care, from one with a small amount of post-secondary training to practitioners with a doctoral level of education.

Retinal correspondence is the inherent relationship between paired retinal visual cells in the two eyes. Images from one object stimulate both cells, which transmit the information to the brain, permitting a single visual impression localized in the same direction in space.

Hypertropia is a condition of misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), whereby the visual axis of one eye is higher than the fellow fixating eye. Hypotropia is the similar condition, focus being on the eye with the visual axis lower than the fellow fixating eye. Dissociated Vertical Deviation is a special type of hypertropia leading to slow upward drift of one or rarely both eyes, usually when the patient is inattentive.

Marshall Miller Parks was an American ophthalmologist known to many as "the father of pediatric ophthalmology".

John A. Pratt-Johnson, FRCS(C.), FRCS(Edin.), was a Canadian ophthalmologist and Emeritus Professor of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He was a famous pediatric ophthalmologist and trained many fellows at the university. He also involved himself in international cooperation to improve the status of medical care in the area of blindness prevention and access to surgical expertise for under-served areas in poor countries. As part of Orbis and the board of directors of Seva Canada Society he has helped organise funds, build facilities and train health care workers and ophthalmologists, particularly from Nepal, where prevalence of blindness is quite high.

The red reflex refers to the reddish-orange reflection of light from the back of the eye, or fundus, observed when using an ophthalmoscope or retinoscope. The reflex relies on the transparency of optical media and reflects off the fundus back through media into the aperture of the opthalmoscope. The red reflex is considered abnormal if there is any asymmetry between the eyes, dark spots, or white reflex (Leukocoria).

Henry S. Metz is an American pediatric ophthalmologist. He was the CEO of the Smith-Kettlewell Institute in San Francisco from 2003-2008. Much of his early research concerned eye movements and strabismus, including saccadic velocity measurements and use of botulinum toxin.

Gene Folk was an American ophthalmologist who specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus. A charter member of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, he later served as President of this organization. With Martin Urist, Folk helped found the "Chicago" school of strabismus, whose ideas competed with and stimulated those of Marshall M. Parks, Arthur Jampolsky, and other prominent strabismologists. During the 1950s and 1960s, Urist and Knapp's contributions led to a much improved understanding of so-called A and V "pattern" strabismus, where the amplitude of deviation varies in up- and downgaze.

Burt Kushner is an American pediatric ophthalmologist specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of strabismus. Kushner's contributions include demonstration of improved visual fields of patients following strabismus surgery, elucidation of torsional contribution to patients with diplopia, corticosteroid treatment of periocular capillary hemangioma, and novel hypotheses on the mechanism of "overacting" extraocular muscles.

Infantile esotropia is an ocular condition of early onset in which one or either eye turns inward. It is a specific sub-type of esotropia and has been a subject of much debate amongst ophthalmologists with regard to its naming, diagnostic features, and treatment.

Jane Kivlin is an American ophthalmologist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatrics genetics and strabismus. A longstanding member of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, she served as President of this organization. She is well known for her contributions to the understanding of amblyopia and the ophthalmologic manifestations of shaken baby syndrome.

Marilyn Miller is an American pediatric ophthalmologist specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital eye diseases and strabismus. She has held leadership positions in her field, often as the first female in those positions.

Elias I. Traboulsi is a physician in the fields of Ophthalmic Genetics and pediatric ophthalmology

In the fields of optometry and ophthalmology, the Lancaster red-green test is a binocular, dissociative, subjective cover test that measures strabismus in the nine diagnostic positions of gaze.

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American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

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American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

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