Amir Shahi Sabzavari (also spelled Sabzevari, Sabzawari; died 1453) was a Persian [1] poet who flourished in 15th-century Timurid Iran. [2] [3] He was descended from the Sarbadars of Sabzevar. [4]
He composed a response to the opening ghazal of Hafez's divan . [3] He died in Astarabad (present-day Gorgan), and was buried in the family shrine in Sabzevar. [2]
The Safavid dynasty was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder empires. The Safavid Shāh Ismā'īl I established the Twelver denomination of Shīʿa Islam as the official religion of the Persian Empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safavid order of Sufism, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Iranian Azerbaijan region. It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin, but during their rule they intermarried with Turkoman, Georgian, Circassian, and Pontic Greek dignitaries, nevertheless, for practical purposes, they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified. From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sasanian Empire to establish a national state officially known as Iran.
Khājeh Shams-od-Dīn Moḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī, known by his pen name Hafez or Hafiz, was a Persian lyric poet whose collected works are regarded by many Iranians as one of the highest pinnacles of Persian literature. His works are often found in the homes of Persian speakers, who learn his poems by heart and use them as everyday proverbs and sayings. His life and poems have become the subjects of much analysis, commentary, and interpretation, influencing post-14th century Persian writing more than any other Persian author.
Tahmasp II was the penultimate Safavid shah of Iran, ruling from 1722 to 1732.
Mahmoud Shabestari or Mahmūd Shabestarī is one of the most celebrated Persian Sufi poets of the 14th century.
Muhammad ibn Khvandshah ibn Mahmud, more commonly known as Mirkhvand, was a Persian historian active during the reign of the Timurid ruler Sultan Husayn Bayqara. He is principally known for his universal history, the Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ, which he wrote under the patronage of the high-ranking functionary Ali-Shir Nava'i. According to the German orientalist Bertold Spuler, the Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ is the greatest universal history in Persian regarding the Islamic world.
The Ḥabīb al-siyar fī akhbār afrād al-bashar is a universal history by the Persian historian Khvandamir.
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, commonly known as Khvandamir was a Persian historian who was active in the Timurid, Safavid and Mughal empires. He is principally known for his Persian universal history, the Habib al-siyar, which was regarded by both the Safavids and Mughals as their first official court account.
Jalal al-Din al-Dawani, also known as Allama Davani, was a theologian, philosopher, jurist, and poet, who is considered to have been one of the leading scholars in late 15th-century Iran.
Shah Mansur was the last of the Muzaffarid rulers of Southern Iran. He ruled from Isfahan and was killed by the forces of Timur in 29 March 1393.
Abd-Allah Hatefi, commonly known as Hatefi was a Persian poet and nephew of the distinguished poet Jami.
Allahverdi Khan was a Safavid military officer of Armenian origin. He was the son of a certain Khosrow Khan, and had a brother named Emamverdi Beg.
Sam Mirza was a Safavid prince and poet in 16th-century Iran, who wrote the Tohfa-ye Sami, a collection of biographies of contemporary Persian poets. He was the third son of Shah Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty.
Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani, was a Persian religious scholar, historian and political writer. He was born in 1455 in Shiraz, a city in Fars, a region in southern Iran. His father belonged to the Ruzbihan family, which was descended from the Sufi author Ruzbihan Baqli, while his mother belonged to the Sa'idi family. Through both his parents, Khunji belonged to the affluent and influential ulama of Fars, who were respected and protected by the Turkmen Aq Qoyunlu. In 1487, Khunji left Shiraz for the third time for a Hajj. He met Sultan Ya'qub of Aq Qoyunlu near the Sahand mountain and agreed to write the history of Aq Qoyunlu dynasty. When the Safavid shah Ismail I started the Shi'ification of Iran and the persecution of Sunni Muslims, Khunji fled to Transoxiana, where he lived for the rest of his life under the patronage of Timurids and Shaybanids.
The Khalifeh family, also known as the Khalifeh sayyids, were a branch of the Marashi dynasty of Mazandaran, whose ancestor, Amir Nezam al-Din, had settled in the Golbar quarter of Isfahan in the 15th century.
Mirza Mohammad Mahdi Karaki was an Iranian cleric and statesman, who served as the grand Vizier of the Safavid king (shah) Abbas II, and the latter's son and successor Suleiman I. He was the son of Mirza Habibollah Karaki, who served as the sadr-i mamalik from 1632/3 till his death 1650.
The Erivan Province, also known as Chokhur-e Sa'd, was a province of Safavid Iran, centered on the territory of the present-day Armenia. Erivan (Yerevan) was the provincial capital and the seat of the Safavid governors.
Hajji Lotf-Ali Beg Azar Bigdeli, better known as Azar Bigdeli, was an Iranian anthologist and poet. He is principally known for his biographical anthology of some 850 Persian-writing poets, the Atashkadeh-ye Azar, which he dedicated to Iranian ruler Karim Khan Zand. Written in Persian, the Persian studies academic J.T.P. de Bruijn considers it "the most important Persian anthology of the eighteenth century". Azar was a leading figure of the bazgasht-e adabi movement, which sought to return the stylistic standards of early Persian poetry.
Kamāl al-Dīn Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī Kāshifī, best simply known as Husayn Kashifi, was a prolific Persian prose-stylist, a poet, a Quran exegete, a Sufi scholar, and an astronomer of the Timurid era. Kashifi was his pen name, whereas his surname al-Wāʿiẓ denoted his professional occupation.
Sharaf al-Din Shah-Mahmud Jan Daylami Qazvini, better known as Mahmud Jan Daylami was an Iranian bureaucrat from the Daylami family, who occupied high offices under the Aq Qoyunlu and the Safavids.
The Divān of Hafez is a collection of poems written by the Iranian poet Hafez. Most of these poems are in Persian, but there are some macaronic language poems and a completely Arabic ghazal. The most important part of this Divān is the ghazals. Poems in other forms such as qetʿe, qasida, mathnawi and rubaʿi are as well included in the Divān. There is no evidence that Hafez's lost poems might have constituted the majority of his poetic output, and in addition, Hafez was very famous during his lifetime. Therefore he cannot have been a prolific poet. The number of ghazals that are generally accepted is less than 500: 495 ghazals in Ghazvini and Ghani edition, 486 ghazals in Natel-Khanlari's second edition and 484 ghazals in the Sayeh edition.
