Related Research Articles
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States government that regulates communications by radio,television,wire,satellite,and cable across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisdiction over the areas of broadband access,fair competition,radio frequency use,media responsibility,public safety,and homeland security.
The Communications Act of 1934 is a United States federal law signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 19,1934 and codified as Chapter 5 of Title 47 of the United States Code,47 U.S.C. § 151 et seq. The Act replaced the Federal Radio Commission with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). It also transferred regulation of interstate telephone services from the Interstate Commerce Commission to the FCC.
In telecommunications,broadband is wide bandwidth data transmission which transports multiple signals at a wide range of frequencies and Internet traffic types,that enables messages to be sent simultaneously,used in fast internet connections. The medium can be coaxial cable,optical fiber,wireless Internet (radio),twisted pair or satellite.
The fairness doctrine of the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC),introduced in 1949,was a policy that required the holders of broadcast licenses both to present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that was honest,equitable,and balanced. In 1987,the FCC abolished the Fairness Doctrine,prompting some to urge its reintroduction through either Commission policy or Congressional legislation. However later the FCC removed the rule that implemented the policy from the Federal Register in August 2011.
WFCR is a non-commercial FM radio station licensed to Amherst,Massachusetts. It serves as the National Public Radio (NPR) member station for Western Massachusetts,including Springfield. The station operates at 13,000 watts ERP from a transmitter on Mount Lincoln in Pelham,Massachusetts 968 feet above average terrain. The University of Massachusetts Amherst holds the license. The station airs NPR news programs during the morning and afternoon drive times and in the early evening. Middays and overnights are devoted to classical music and jazz is heard during the later evening hours.
WXPN is a non-commercial,public FM radio station licensed to The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,that broadcasts an adult album alternative (AAA) radio format,along with many other format shows. WXPN produces World Cafe,a music program distributed by NPR to many non-commercial stations in the United States. The station's call sign,which is often abbreviated to XPN,stands for "Experimental Pennsylvania Network". The broadcast tower used by WXPN is located at,in the antenna farm complex in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia.
KNSN-TV,virtual channel 21,is a primary sports-formatted independent and secondary MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station licensed to Reno,Nevada,United States. Owned by Deerfield Media,the station is operated under joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) by the Sinclair Broadcast Group,making it sister to Fox affiliate KRXI-TV,channel 11,and NBC affiliate KRNV-DT,channel 4. However,Sinclair effectively owns KRNV as the majority of Cunningham's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith. The three stations share studios on Vassar Street in Reno;KNSN's transmitter is located on Red Hill between US 395 and SR 445 in Sun Valley. On cable,KNSN is available on Charter Spectrum channel 7 and in high definition on digital channel 787.
Nicholas Johnson is an American academic and lawyer. He wrote How to Talk Back to Your Television Set and was a Federal Communications Commission commissioner from 1966 to 1973. He is retired from teaching at the University of Iowa College of Law,with an emphasis on communications and Internet law,and since 2006 has posted over 1000 blog essays.
The Universal Service Fund (USF) is a system of telecommunications subsidies and fees managed by the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) intended to promote universal access to telecommunications services in the United States. The FCC established the fund in 1997 in compliance with the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The FCC is a government agency that implements and enforces telecommunications regulations across the U.S. and its territories. The Universal Service Fund's budget ranges from $5–8 billion per year depending on the needs of the telecommunications providers. These needs include the cost to maintain the hardware needed for their services and the services themselves. The total 2019 proposed budget for the USF was $8.4 billion. The budget is revised quarterly allowing the service providers to accurately estimate their costs. As of 2019,roughly 60% of the USF budget was put towards “high-cost”areas,19% went to libraries and schools,13% was for low income areas,and 8% was for rural health care. In 2019 the rate for the USF budget was 24.4% of a telecom company's interstate and international end-user revenues.
WKHL is a non-commercial FM radio station licensed to serve Palmyra,Pennsylvania. The station is owned by Educational Media Foundation and is an affiliate of K-LOVE,EMF's contemporary Christian music network.
The MVDDS dispute refers to several legal disputes and political controversies that surrounded Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval of MVDDS terrestrial wireless broadband technology. The controversy arose over the lobbying efforts of Northpoint Technology,a developer of MVDDS,to receive approval and licensing for the technology. The dispute later transformed into several court cases against the FCC and satellite television providers,as well as a patent infringement case against MDS America and MDS International. As a result of the dispute,Northpoint lost the patents.
WCRW is an AM radio station licensed to Leesburg,Virginia,and serving the Washington metropolitan area. WCRW airs a talk and news radio format and is owned by Potomac Radio Group,Inc. It is leased full-time by Chinese government-owned China Radio International,a designated "foreign mission" in the U.S.
Multichannel television in the United States has been available since at least 1948. The United States is served by multichannel television through cable television systems,direct-broadcast satellite providers,and various other wireline video providers;among the largest television providers in the U.S. are AT&T,Altice USA,Charter Communications,Comcast,Dish Network,and Verizon Communications. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 defines a multichannel video programming distributor (MVPD) as "a person such as,but not limited to,a cable operator,a multichannel multipoint distribution service,a direct broadcast satellite service,or a television receive-only satellite program distributor,who makes available for purchase,by subscribers or customers,multiple channels of video programming",where a channel is defined as a "signaling path provided by a cable television system."
WCKA is a radio station licensed to serve Jacksonville,Alabama,United States. The station is owned by Steven L. Gradick and licensed to Alabama 810 LLC. It airs a Classic Country music format.
The Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation is the municipal corporation which looks after the city administration of Tiruchirappalli in Tamil Nadu,India. It consists of a legislative and an executive body. The legislative body is headed by the city mayor while the executive body is headed by a Chief Commissioner.
Ajit Varadaraj Pai is an American lawyer who served as chairman of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from 2017 to 2021. He has been a partner at the private-equity firm Searchlight Capital since April 2021.
Rachelle B. Chong is an American attorney who served as a Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission from 1994 to 1997.
Susan Ness is an American attorney who served as a Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission from 1994 to 2001.
Harold W. Furchtgott-Roth is an American economist who served as a Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission from 1997 to 2001.
The von der Leyen Commission is the current European Commission,in office since 1 December 2019 and is to last until the 2024 elections. It has Ursula von der Leyen as its president and it further consists of one commissioner from each of the member states of the European Union.
References
- ↑ "Chicagoan Leaves FCC With Things Going His Way". Chicago Tribune. 1996-03-27. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ↑ Flannery, Gerald V. (1995). Commissioners of the FCC, 1927-1994. ISBN 9780819196699 . Retrieved 2019-05-02.
| General | |
|---|---|
| National libraries | |
| Other | |
